An Evaluation Of Agglomeration Economics

An Evaluation Of Agglomeration Economics There are various focal points that might be appreciated by firms who situate close to different firms. These points of interest are known as agglomeration financial matters or outer economies of scale. (Helsley 2003) These focal points are known as outer in light of the fact that they don't emerge from the organization itself, however from the outside condition. Comparative organizations that find near one another can create all the more effectively and at a lower cost because of their capacity to practice, access to assets, decline in transportation and access to information and data. Two instances of territories that have profited by the agglomerating of economies are the oil and gas industry in Alberta and the Auto business in Detroit. These ventures emerged in their particular areas for various reasons yet both offer the regular states of economies of scale and agglomeration financial aspects. Both of these ventures exploit the areas by delivering all the more productively and expanding benefits. The Oil Industry in Alberta The most famous oil revelation in Alberta that truly moved the business was made by Imperial Oil 1n 1947 when they struck oil close Leduc. (ucalgary.ca) Oil was anyway found in Alberta much before at that point. During the 1910s a rancher at Okotoks found gas and afterward during the 1930s oil was found underneath the gas fields. In light of these two disclosures universal oil organizations started tasks in Alberta, and in 1923 and 1939 Imperial Oil and British America Oil fabricated treatment facilities in Calgary. In 1938 the Alberta government set up the Alberta Energy Conservation Board in 1938, this drove the path for Calgarys advancement of being the primary organization place for the oil and gas industry in Alberta. These early revelations helped divert Alberta from perhaps the most unfortunate territory in the Nation into the multibillion dollar domain that it is today. The explanation that the oil and gas industry settled in Alberta was a direct result of geographic area, th is is the place the greater part of the oil and gas in the region lives. Since this industry depends on extraction and handling of a crude asset it expected to find where the asset is. Anyway government strategy has additionally helped shape the business. Government strategy, both at the commonplace and bureaucratic levels have affected the oil and gas economy. Like I recently referenced the commonplace government in 1938 arrangement of the AECB and this picked Calgary as the primary managerial head for the business. All the more as of late other government programs have likewise helped shape the business by opening up business sectors and access to work, NAFTA is a case of this. When the business begins developing it makes numerous positive externalities that fuel the input circle which thusly develops the economy some more. There are presently a few zones of the territory that have concentrated much further and are currently observing their own agglomeration financial aspects a few instances of this are the oil and gas home office in downtown Calgary and Albertas Industrial Heartland north east of Edmonton. This territory comprises of numerous organizations gaining practical experience in the petro concoction industry. These organizations situating in nearness incredibly decreases their funnel line costs since they would all be able to share one significant pipeline and afterward simply construct minor lines to every one of their plants. In Calgary having such a significant number of organizations in nearness incredibly speeds up to which interchanges and information can be moved and it likewise extraordinarily decreases scan costs for firms searching for g ifted work. Having the oil business centered in Alberta has likewise helped in significantly extending examination and preparing programs for the business. Quite a bit of this has been created due to legitimate need since extraction is turning out to be increasingly troublesome and organizations need to practice further and further, directional penetrating and the oil sands are instances of this. The oil business has developed into one of the most persuasive areas in the province, and has left Alberta, with its recently seen monetary security as appreciated. There are numerous elements, for example, a steady government, government projects and motivators and new information and advances that have all helped shape the business into what it currently is. Anyway it is difficult to attempt and over look the undeniable actuality that the business is found where it is a direct result of access to the important asset underneath Albertas soils. Alberta has had the option to make this incredible agglomerated economy as a result of the straightforward reality that the area contains huge stores whether they be shallow gas or the Oil Sands of Fort McMurray. Detroits Auto Industry Detroit or Motown is the main Vehicle maker in the United States. It was not generally along these lines notwithstanding. The primary gas fueled vehicle was fabricated is Springfield Massachusetts in 1896. The primary vehicle to be worked in Detroit was produced by Olds in 1899. In any case, by 1904 42% of vehicles were worked in Detroit and afterward by 1914 this number rose to 78%. (McDonald 2007) From 1900 to 1930 the number of inhabitants in Detroit developed quickly from 305 000 to 1 837 000 individuals this was incredibly identified with the way that by 1929 the Auto Mobile industry in Detroit was the biggest business in the Country. In 1909 there were more than 200 vehicle makers in the United States this number anyway dropped quickly until it was essentially simply the three based out of Detroit; General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. There are a couple of different elements that some have added to the achievements of Detroit, for example, the way that Detroit is a significant de livery port and this would give them access to modest transportation of crude assets, parts and markets. While geographic area may have assumed a minor job in the Auto business in Detroit it is broadly perceived that it's anything but a key component in Detroits achievement. (Klepper 2001) The principle reason is only the reality of Agglomeration Economics. Early car makers were set up everywhere throughout the region, the ones that turned into the best coincidentally was the ones that were arrangement in closeness. Detroit previously had a delivery industry which implied that there was at that point talented mechanics that knew gas motors, this gave the vehicle business access to these aptitudes. There was additionally as of now producers set up that could fabricate motors and parts. Since there were such huge numbers of makers in closeness this is were individuals started moving to look for some kind of employment, in light of the fact that with such a large number of organizations near one another it made the most noteworthy chances of getting a new line of work. There was additionally overflow information that different organizations could gain from, for example, Henry Fords acclaimed creation the sequential construction system. This incredibly diminished expense and accelerate the time wherein an auto could be produced. In 1910 it is said that the sequential construction system brought down the expense to create one Model T from $780 $360. (McDonlad) Once different makes in Detroit saw the incredible accomplishment of this they before long actualized sequential construction systems. 2 There are numerous advantages to organizations that move to a spot where there is an agglomerating economy. The most evident favorable position is economies of scale. At the point when an industry develops huge enough organizations begin to practice. At the point when a market is sufficiently enormous and organizations begin to practice at that point costs are diminished. In the vehicle business in the event that there are part makers and that is all they have practical experience in, at that point the auto makes might have the option to purchase items, for example, course for short of what they could deliver them inside. Or then again for state the oil business there may be a type of boring issue and an organization needs an exceptional bit of hardware, it doesnt make since for them to get it for only one issue however there is likely another organization that has had some expertise in that bit of apparatus so it is less expensive just to employ them. Creation costs are additionally significantly diminished in an agglomerated economy in view of a decrease in transportation costs, both of individuals and material. On account of the Industrial Heartland they would all be able to share pipeline costs as opposed to having to all form their own, this significantly diminishes costs. Too if there is sufficient industry situated in a region it likewise may turn out to be increasingly practical to have a rail line put in. Too it bodes well to have processing plants worked in Alberta since this is the place the oil creation is so it saves money on transportation crude assets. Also in the two occurrences it significantly lessens on the expense of the exchange of information. At the point when a car organization has an extraordinary new thought or a creation procedure and you are situated close to them, at that point the reasonable hood of getting some answers concerning the thought and profiting by it is a lot higher. Also in either example in the event that you have an issue and need assistance there is presumably somebody near you that has had experience managing that issue, or there may be specific research organizations set up for the business. At the point when you are working in a territory that is specialized it is critical to approach the best personalities and new innovation. Also when you have the entirety of this information and involvement with your fingertips it doesnt feel as though youre alone, you are working under long periods of past experience that has significantly decreased the hazard for your business in the business. For this situation there is a significant bit of leeway contrasted with somebody starting a business far away from the significant zone of impact. Just as there being advantages to the business and industry as a gap there are additionally points of interest of agglomerated economies for representatives. For example on the off chance that you were searching for an occupation in a vehicle production line, you would want to go to a city where that are 5 plants at that point go to a city with just one, your odds of effectively getting a new line of work increment if there are increasingly potential positions. Also when there are more occupations in a zone a representative can single out and discover the position that most intently coordinates their range of abilities and wants. On the off chance that there are more occupations this additionally increment open doors for a worker to leave and proceed to work for the contender this

Origin Of The Term Identity Politics Cultural Studies Essay

Starting point Of The Term Identity Politics Cultural Studies Essay A Contested Term. The starting point of the term personality governmental issues is some of the time followed to the 1960s Civil Rights Movement yet it was verbalized by ladies of shading in their 1977 Combahee River Collective Statement. The term alludes to aggregate gathering personalities like race, ethnicity, sex, religion, standing, sexual direction, physical inability as the reason for political examination and activity. Its principle objective is to engage people to explain their separation and imperceptibility through cognizance raising and activity. Personalities and Movements It is critical to discuss this term and its governmental issues as it has been the reason for a few developments just as an ideological test to existing investigative systems and clarifications. During the 1980s, there was a social and strict revivalism as ethnic clash in Sri Lanka, Hindu communalism in India and worldwide Islamist fundamentalism. During the 1990s, there was the savagery and disaster of previous Yugoslavia, developments dependent on ancestral characters in Rwanda and Sudan. Numerous nations particularly in the European Union saw conservative developments with regards to movement and patriotism with banters on Britishness or the restricting of headscarves in France. At present, researchers have seen its re-appearance in the Presidential challenge among Obama and Hillary Clinton in the USA for example pitching their crusades around the principal lady president or the main dark president. Creation of an Identity A few characters accompany birth like the dark, standing or strict ones. Or on the other hand they can be gained like national ones, sexual inclinations or intrigue gatherings. Personalities are liquid, numerous and temperamental. They might be obscured or eradicated over some stretch of time. That they might be made as the character of being Indian was proliferated after Independence from British expansionism. Numerous personalities imply that they are contending with one another frequently bringing about clashing loyalties like a lady may during a mutual mob need to pick between her strict gathering character and that of her sex. Frequently there is solid cultural protection from intersection personality limits like on account of sexual characters. Social standards and establishments don't permit individuals to step out of their recommended character. Reasons for Identity Mobilisations Why have personality developments risen during this conjuncture of history? Hypothetical clarifications unite the social, political and monetary. The worldwide trip of capital has spread industrialisation everywhere throughout the world. Overall exchange and correspondence has made a homogenization of culture and legislative issues. Youngsters in many pieces of the world know about the Coke and Jean culture, American movies and TV serials. Anyway the effect of the monetary procedure has been lopsided. There is a polarization between the rich and the poor in a nation and between countries of the North and the South. Sex relations are likewise changing as more ladies are joining the workforce regularly when men are jobless making hatred and rivalry. Ladies are increasingly portable and obvious. Also, the man centric family structure is debilitating. Clashing There is an area of individuals who are profiting by the globalized world market. However, the goals and any expectations of many are gave a false representation of. Sliding social and financial gatherings disdain their loss of benefits. So there is an open upheaval in UK that Indian specialists are assuming control over the British clinical framework or that pariahs are assuming control over employments which ought to legitimately have a place with Marathi talking individuals in Mumbai. The surge of Westernization and its qualities because of globalization has made a response of conventionality. Conservative Muslim, Hindu and Christian gatherings have called for social re-affirmation and pride in ones character. Corresponding to the broad social, political and financial changes and personality based developments was the ascent of post innovation in the scholarly world. As a study of Marxist strength in principle, post pioneers gave culture a critical spot in examination and moved the concentration to control relations, characters, development of sex, class, race and so forth. The Rise of Identity Movements [ Used in Womens Movement] Characters are amazing wellsprings of cognizance and assembly as they make an individual aware of his/her personality and unite them for political dissent and requests through savage or different methods. At present there are huge mobilisations dependent on characters like: Overall Islamist Movements Hindu conservative developments Provincial self assurance developments like Tamil country in Sri Lanka, Kashmir and North East in India, Kurds in Turkey Sexual inclinations like the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered [LGBT] development Worker's guild Movements There is an inclination to see id based developments as backward in light of the fact that they are generally connected with conservative developments. Be that as it may, the sexuality developments have tested preservationist ideas of sex and sexual exercises. 6. The Other Prohibition and Inclusion are basic standards for character development. The we of a specific gathering must be recognized versus they of the other gathering. The way toward characterizing and controlling these limits of contrast has been instituted as Other-ing. This procedure of making similarity and otherness among individuals, has been utilized to legitimize all habits of persecution and savagery against minimized, more vulnerable, less ground-breaking gatherings. Across history these have included Women, Blacks, Jews, Homosexuals, Dalits, Tribals, lower classes, People with Disabilities and so on. The Ideal Woman Character Movements, which are conservative, have given an exceptional spot to ladies. For instance, both Muslim fundamentalism and Hindu communalism venture a perfect lady as irreplaceable for society. These beliefs are identified with womens dress, conduct, sexual movement and parenthood. Nazi Germany celebrated the light Aryan lady, who bears kids, acknowledges auxiliary status to her better half and the State. Muslim fundamentalism advocates an arrival to custom as Islam is at serious risk, strengthens Muslim character by dismissing Westernization and particularly by engendering the cloak for ladies, job of a homemaker, and the arrival to or inconvenience of the Sharia Laws or Muslim Personal Laws. Underlying foundations of custom are previously and isn't not entirely clear. Life and Laws stream from the blessed book, and its implications are fixed and non begging to be proven wrong. Ladies are viewed as gatekeepers of Muslim culture and respected as long as they play out their obligations to be acceptable moms and bring up their children as warriors of Islam. 8. Sita not Draupadi Hindu communalists glorify Sita, the spouse of the fanciful god, Ram. The characteristics of Sita are that of a virtuous pati vrata or perfect spouse who follows her better half to the timberland, bears him children and immolates herself when her loyalty is in doubt. Draupadi then again was an eloquent, confident and glad lady who has 5 spouses, who she ceaselessly challenges and even looks for retribution. Ladies have been a piece of the disguise procedure since their adolescence. They also have confidence in huge numbers of these qualities and endeavor to keep up the jobs engendered by fundamentalists. Also, for doing as such, they are regarded and given status by their men and fundamentalist pioneers. Many taught, proficient and Westernized ladies have gone to their religion since it likewise offers them mental and physical security. Emergency in Feminism The womens development and women's activist hypothesis went into an emergency with the approach of post innovation and personality based developments. The previous challenged the class lady as additionally all universalisms. Ladies couldn't be viewed as a homogenous gathering and the utilizing of we was politically off base. The mottos of ladies of shading were gotten by Jewish ladies, indigenous and later Third World ladies. Worldwide sisterhood was let go. These voices of different women's activists presented the thoughts of feminisms, as opposed to just women's liberation. Also, these feminisms acquired the thought of various persecutions, different man centric societies and womens developments. Women's activist investigation moved from viewpoint woman's rights to different postmodernist feminisms. Studies on womens subjection across societies, social orders, and verifiable periods moved to miniaturized scale accounts of class/race/and sex. 10. Emergency in Feminist Politics The conflict of various characters and loyalties which encompass them came out into people in general. The womens development in India and the women's activist gatherings are not that huge or famous to have arrived at the majority of ladies to support a sex based character. Without a well known mainstream development, most of ladies line up with their station or strict personalities. Enormous quantities of them took an interest during the Mumbai Riots of 1992-93 after the destruction of the Babri Masjid against Muslims and on the side of the sati of Roop Kanwar [1987] against women's activist gatherings and dynamic developments requesting a boycott. In the Shah Bano Case [1985], ladies bolstered an upkeep law planned by the govt and Muslim pioneers against their own advantages. Now and again ladies are maneuvered into fights not of their creation as on account of the Cauvery River riots. Both Tamil and Kannadiga ladies had no information on stream water issues yet were exposed to assault and attack by the adversary network. Abusive behavior at home gets undetectable despite other state wide brutality like in Kashmir, North East and Sri Lanka. Ladies might want to address aggressive behavior at home however penance their individual rights as ladies to network rights for self assurance. 10. Methodologies One of the fundamental issues with personality governmental issues is that its presumptions can prompt a practically interminable number of little, atomised character gatherings. Interpreted forward this rationale comes as meaning that at last every individual is her own gathering. Character legislative issues makes it hard to unite enormous gatherings to dissent and by and large represent radica

Tourettes Syndrome and OCD

Tourettes Syndrome and OCD OCD Related Conditions Print Tourettes Syndrome and OCD Tourettes Syndrome Is Often Associated With OCD By Owen Kelly, PhD Updated on April 19, 2019 Hero Images/Getty Images More in OCD Related Conditions Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Prevalence Causes Treatment View All Back To Top Tourette’s syndrome is named after French neurologist Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first described the disorder in 1885. This childhood-onset movement disorder is often associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit disorder (ADHD), and other disorders. In fact, 86% of children with Tourettes syndrome also have at least one other behavioral, mental, or developmental condition, and the most common of these are OCD and ADHD. Symptoms The main symptom associated with Tourette’s syndrome is the presence of tics. Tics are sudden, brief, involuntary or semi-voluntary movements or sounds. Motor Tics Simple motor tics involve only a single muscle or group of muscles and can be brief (eye-blinking or nose twitching), prolonged (shoulder turning or mouth opening) or sustained for a long period of time (extending or flexing a limb).Complex motor tics are more involved and often resemble normal movement such as jumping, hitting, throwing or touching; however, they often occur in inappropriate settings or include inappropriate or obscene gestures. These complex motor tics can cause considerable embarrassment for the affected person. Sound or Phonic Tics Simple phonic tics are usually meaningless noises or utterances. Common examples include blowing, coughing, throat clearing, grunting, sniffing, or hiccuping.Complex phonic tics are words or phrases that include obscenities, echoing what others say, and repeating one’s own statements. Tics can be suppressed and usually improve when the child is distracted; however, they can reappear anytime. The Downside of Suppressing Tics Suppressing tics for a long period of time can actually lead to a dramatic increase in tics later on. Many patients report physical discomfort just before carrying out a tic. Affected children will execute the tic over and over again until it feels “just right.” Prevalence Tourette’s syndrome is relatively rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. It is five times more common among males than females and usually begins between 8 and 10 years of age. For most children, symptoms tend to improve by the end of adolescence with a small number becoming symptom-free. Many children with Tourette’s also have ADHD, OCD and other psychiatric problems, such as depression or social phobia. Other behavioral problems common to children with Tourette’s syndrome are poor impulse control, inability to control anger, inappropriate sexual aggressiveness, and antisocial behavior. Causes As tics and associated illnesses like OCD improve with medications that alter the brain neurochemicals  serotonin and dopamine, it has been speculated that Tourette’s syndrome may be partially the result of abnormalities in the communication of these neurochemicals. In addition, many studies have noted abnormalities within an area of the brain called the basal ganglia (an area important to the initiation and cessation of movement) among people with Tourette’s syndrome. Genes may also play a role in developing Tourette’s syndrome. Close relatives of individuals with Tourette’s syndrome often have tics, OCD or ADHD. Treatment Behavioral treatments that aim to improve social functioning, self-esteem, and quality of life are the first-line treatment strategy for Tourette’s syndrome. Common behavior therapies include cognitive-behavior therapy and relaxation therapy. Involving parents, teachers, and classmates in the efforts is often essential for effective treatment. If the child is severely affected or engaging in self-harming behavior, medication may be needed. Medications that are effective for treating the symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome include atypical antipsychotics, such as Haldol (haloperidol) and Orap (pimozide), and atypical antipsychotics, such as Risperdal (risperidone) and Zyprexa (olanzapine). When symptoms of OCD, anxiety, and depression are present, treatment may also include antidepressants, such as Prozac (fluoxetine) or Anafranil (clomipramine). Be sure to discuss which treatment options may be best with your doctor.

The Events Of The World War II - 986 Words

What steps led to American participation in World War II? (Chapter 22) After World War I legacy the Great Depression brought isolationism. The best work produced by President Roosevelt was the Four Freedoms; freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. President Roosevelt was the leader of the Allies, he used this statement as part of his Allies aim. The Soviet Union joined the Allies after being invaded by Germany. Millions of art were sold and reprinted as it publicizes the Four Freedom in 1943. In 1940s after tension between the United States and Japan over East Asia, on December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. There was no warning of this attack happening as a result United States declared war on Japan. The Good neighbors policy was, brought into place by President Roosevelt and Hoover in 1930s. This was a policy that would help the relationship between Latin American countries and the Unites States. The good neighbors policy would not only help the Latin countries but also the United States with trade a nd military. Four freedoms (Pg. 850) Good neighbors policy (Pg. 853) Isolationism (Pg. 855) What were the major initiatives of Truman’s domestic policies? (Chapter 23) Truman listed twenty-one points in his domestic policy for the postwar American. In this visions he included a minimum wage, guaranteed employment, medical insurance, housing aid, improved benefits for war veterans, and wage and price control. The MarshallShow MoreRelatedThe Events Of World War II1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tenth’s triumphs in Italy were demonstrative of the value of specialized forces. Their success both was very influential in the events of World War II and in proving the value of specialized forces. Once the government saw how effective the focused training of this division was, they realized that a new era had begun. The Tenth Mountain Division started the period of special forces. The men in the division used their mountain climbing skills to formulate a brilliant plot to capture Riva RidgeRead MoreThe Events Of World War II Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesA â€Å"watershed† event could best be described as one such an event that marked a turning point in a course of actions or affairs. Some would argue that the second World War was nowhere close to being a watershed event and more closely aligned with being a devastating period for American history. Funnily enough, most would critically disagree with such a statement. World War II sent the United States through a frenzy of change — change that would extend even over to today’s time! 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And who actually recalls anything named Japanese War crimes? Both were unmerciful acts, but the criminals of the Japanese were never brought to justice. The Japense war crimes was worse, because they were killed, discriminated, and American soldiers cut their body parts alive or dead as souvenirs, this was known as American mutilationRead MoreEssay on The Awful Events of The World War II526 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War II was the most unhaumane event in time of American history or even world history. Hitler was in charge of the mass destruction in Europe. His plan was callled the final solution, him and his right hand man Himmler a had created. The plan was to kill everyone w ho wasnt an undesirable such as jews. The Arain race was the perfect form of people that Hitler wanted to create and only have, this racd consisted of blue eyes, blonde hair, muscualr/fit, and tall. In 1933 Hitler became the chancellor

Educational Needs Of Children With Learning Disabilities...

Even after a child is diagnosed with a disability, they remain able to improve intellectually and personally. â€Å"Special Education is a specialized area of education which uses unique instructional methods, materials, learning aids, and equipment to meet the educational needs of children with learning disabilities.†(Specialednews, 2009). â€Å"Learning disabilities do not go away — they’re with you for life. That doesn’t mean someone with a learning disability can’t achieve or even be wildly successful. They just need to find ways to circumvent or accommodate for the areas in which they don’t do well†(Kane, J.2012). â€Å"Close to half of the secondary students currently identified as learning disabled are more than three grade levels behind in essential academic skills. (Specialednews, 2009).† Some of the human population think just because someone has a disability or are placed in the special education classroom, they aren’t going to get smarter and that’s not the case. Students with a learning disability could just u se assistance more than an average student, maybe they need a little extra help. That doesn’t mean they are dumb or aren’t getting smarter. By getting extra help from an aid is helping them improve and getting a better understanding of what they’re getting taught. Their aid is helping the student learn it in a way they will be able to remember the material. â€Å" A person who is diabetic can still be a world-class athlete, but they need to figure out how to balance theShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Mainstreaming Students With Disabilities Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesin regular education classrooms for many years and have been set back in each IEP (Individualized Educational Plan) on what would benefit the child. Not enough students with disabilities are being mainstreamed so they can experience the full capacity of their learning stages. 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Exceptional children are children who are either exceptionally gifted or children with exceptional learning disabilities. These are children whose performances are way above the average child or way below the average child. When they perform way above the average child, they are called gifted. When they perform way below the average, we say they are children with learning disabilities. Like any other child, these children with exceptionalities

Advertising Of Armour s New Briefs Essay - 1348 Words

â€Å"We’ve got the best racks.†, â€Å"Even a woman could open it†, and â€Å"Fool around with a younger hotter airline.† Are just some of the shocking ads we are noticing in today’s society. The first advertisement I found was the â€Å"For the Benefit of Mankind†, Under Armour Ad. At first glance we see a very masculine male, with a chiseled body modeling his Under Armour briefs. But, if we take a closer look into the background we see a young, and beautiful woman loosely wrapped in a sexy gown. The setting of the advertisement looks like an expensive bachelor pad. The purpose of this picture is to advertise Under Armour’s new briefs, by making them look appealing to the directed audience. Along with the briefs, women stereotypes are also being advertised. Although the woman isn’t meant to be the main focus of the ad, she is added to show if a man wears these boxers, they can get with a beautiful woman. In the text below the picture the product’s features are being flaunted, but in the picture the only thing being flaunted is the masculinity of the man in the picture. One gender stereotype that is portrayed in this picture is that wom an are physically weak. The man in the photo is very muscular and enlarged in the photo. The thin female model is posed in a delicate position in the background of the picture. This shows that she is less important, and just added to highlight the male model’s masculinity. 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Do not worry about sounding academic, but avoid sloppiness. The Review A review may be either formal or informal, depending on the context. Its goal is to evaluate a work, which implies that the reviewer s personal opinion plays a significant role in the process. However, a certain objective standard needs to be maintained and, as in a persuasive essay, your assertions need to be proved. The formality of the review will be determined by how much of theRead MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 Pagesincluding photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. IM-1826 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 2. The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 3. 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Huntintons Disease A brief overview of current fin Essay Example For Students

Huntintons Disease A brief overview of current fin Essay dings and theories of the biochemical and molecular biological characteristics of polyQ triple repeat mutenagized coding region of the Huntingtin geneHuntington’s disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It is passed on to children from one or both parents (though two parents with Huntington’s is extraordinarily rare) in an autosomal dominant manner. This is different from autosomal recessive disorder, which requires two altered genes (one from each parent) to inherit the disorder. So if one parent has it, and passes the gene on to a child, that child will develop Huntington’s disease if they live long enough and each of that child’s’ children will have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene, and so on and so forth. If you do not have the HD gene you can’t pass it on to your children and if your mate doesn’t have it then there is no way your child will develop the disease (spontaneous cases of HD are less than 0.1%). There are no â€Å"carriers† for Huntington’s. HD is present in all areas of the world but is dominant in western Europeans and their descendants. In the United States every 1 in 10,000 people have developed HD, that’s 300,000 people with another 150,000 at risk (all of those with children have a 50% chance of passing it on). The HD gene is present at birth, but doesn’t usually develop until a persons thirties or forties. Though this is the most common time for symptoms to develop, there have been cases were symptoms developed as young as 2 and as old as 80. Symptoms begin gradually and increase over time. Huntington’s disease affects three main areas of function: motor (physical), mood (emotional), and cognition (psychological). Motor function disturbances can fall into too much movement and too little movement. Chorea, involuntary dance-like movements, can affect any part of the body. It looks like restlessness, wriggling, movement of the fingers or toes in early stages of development. These movements become larger and more sporadic over time and can involve the face, arms, legs, and trunk. It tends to lessen in the later stages. When the disease occurs in childhood (less than 10% of cases) Chorea is more severe and may coincide with rigidity or muscle stiffness and movement restriction. B oth chorea and rigidity interfere with coordination and mobility. Changes in mood are not readily noticeable as they are slow to manifest and can be interpreted as something else (i.e. HD causes depression but so does our society so this symptom often gets overlooked) Anxiety, irritability, rage, mania, and psychosis are also common symptoms. Cognition (the mental process characterized by thinking, learning, and judging) is affected early in the disease and gets worse over time. Individuals will have problems with math, memory, judgment and verbal fluency. It is very difficult for someone with HD to learn a new task, especially in the later stages of development. There currently is neither a cure nor FDA approved medical treatment for Huntington’s disease. The life expectancy is 15 – 20 years after development begins, and though Huntington’s itself doesn’t directly kill the individual, it causes so many functional breakdowns in the body that the person can no longer perform basic physical operations such as swallowing and as such a common cause of death is choking or respitory infection. Huntington disease is caused by the expansion of a polymorphic trinucleotide repeat (CAG)n located in the coding region of the Huntingtin gene. The range of these repeats in normal individuals is 9 to 37, but in HD patients it ranges from 37 to 86 and cases up 150. The human HD gene was cloned to 4p16.3 on chromosome 4 in 1993 by the HD Collaborative Research Group. The gene named IT15( important transcript 15) includes 180-200kb and consists of 67 exons. The HD mutation occurs in the first exon of this gene, which codes for a large 348kd protein named huntingtin (htt). The mutant HD gene directs the synthesis of RNA with an expanded CAG segment and consequently a protein with a lengthened stretch of consecutive glutamine residues. The HD mRNA consists of two alternatively polyadenylated species of 13.5 and 10.5 kb with the CAG repeat located near the 5end 17 codons down from the initiator AUG. The huntingtin protein has no similarity with any other reported sequences except in the low-sequence complexity polyglutamine-polyproline region (encoded by the CAG and an adjacent degenerate CCG repeat) near the NH2-terminus and a motif implicated in cellular protein transport HEAT'(a protein motif found in Huntington ,elongation factor 3 (EP3) regulatory A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A,and TORI) found in a variety of unrelated proteins. HEAT repeats are found in several cytoplasmic regulatory proteins with known roles in transport processes. The first 17 amino acids of huntingtin and the rest of the protein downstream of the polyglutamine-polyproline segment is highly conserved in evolution, the polyglutamine-polyproline segment is not, and it may be required for Huntington’s unknown function. The CAG repeat expansion is the sole mutation responsible for all inherited and sporadic cases of HD. The number of CAG repeats influences the age of onset and disease progression. Identity crisis (joy luck club EssaySo, what does all that mean (I researched this for a week and most of what I wrote still confuses me). But basically it’s this. We have a gene, Huntingtin, of whose function we don’t yet know. But we do know were it is and what it normally looks like. When it is mutagenized to extended it’s triple repeat chain of CAG it causes a change in the shape of the protein which binds to an essential enzyme for DNA function, which changes certain processes in the cell, which leads to cell apoptosis (pre-programmed, self-induced death of the cell). This happens in the brain and affects the nervous system leading to degradation of physical and mental functions and indirectly leads to death. It must be noted that over the past 10 years causes and possible cures or treatments have changed many times and this report only summarizes recent findings and understandings or theories from 1994-2001. Other interesting aspects of this topic include the first cases of genetic discrimination. Currently in the UK there is legislation allowing insurance companies to test applicants for the HD gene and if results are positive the can deny insurance to that person, or allow insurance if backed by a mortgage and $100,000 life insurance premium. While no such legislation yet exists in the U.S. we face a dilemma of our own:Huntington’s disease genomic research represents a classical ethical dilemma created by the human genome project, i.e., that of the widened gap between what we know how to diagnose and what we know how to cure. This has been referred to as a Tiresias complex. The blind seer Tiresias confronted Oedipus with the dilemma : ‘It is but sorrow to be wise when wisdom profits not’ (from Oedipus the King by Sophocles). N.S. Wexler re-stated the question as follows: â€Å"Do you want to know how and when you are going to die if you have no power to change the outcome? Should such knowledge be made freely available?†. Maybe, maybe not. But the pursuit of how and why diseases such as Huntington’s or cystic fibrosis or down syndrome or the many other genetic disorders happen will eventually lead in the knowledge of how to prevent them all together. Just give it time. Bates,G.Eberwine, J. (2001)Hunting in the Calm Before the Storm. Nature Genetics: volume 25 no.4. The Huntingtons Disease Collaborative Research Group. (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntingtons disease chromosomes. Cell 72:971-983. Housman, D. (1995) Gain of glutamines, gain of function? Nature Genetics 10:3-4. Ashley, C.T. and Warren, S.T. Trincleotide repeat expansion and human disease. (1995) Annual Reviews of Genetics 29:703-728. Bates, G. Expanded glutamines and neurodegeneration a gain of insight. (1996) Kansas university Medical Center: Huntington Disease Clinic web page. Nasir, J. Goldberg, Y.P. and Hayden, M.R. (1996) Huntington disease: new insights into the relationship between CAG expansion and disease. Human Mitas, M. Trinucleotide repeats associated with human disease. (1997) Nucleic Gusella, J.F., Persichetti, F. and MacDonald, M.E. (1997) The genetic defect causing Huntingtons Disease: repeated in other contexts? Molecular Medicine Wellington, C.L. and Hayden, M.R. (1997) Of molecular interactions, mice and mechanisms: new insights into Huntingtons disease. Current Opinion in Neurology Chastain, P.D. and Sinden, R.R. (1998) CTG repeats associated with human genetic disease are inherently flexible. Journal of Molecular Biology 275:405-411. A brief overview of current findings and theories of the Biochemical and Molecular Biological characteristics of polyQ triple repeat mutagenized coding region of the Huntingtin geneBibliography:Attatched to paper