The Events Of The World War II - 986 Words

What steps led to American participation in World War II? (Chapter 22) After World War I legacy the Great Depression brought isolationism. The best work produced by President Roosevelt was the Four Freedoms; freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. President Roosevelt was the leader of the Allies, he used this statement as part of his Allies aim. The Soviet Union joined the Allies after being invaded by Germany. Millions of art were sold and reprinted as it publicizes the Four Freedom in 1943. In 1940s after tension between the United States and Japan over East Asia, on December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. There was no warning of this attack happening as a result United States declared war on Japan. The Good neighbors policy was, brought into place by President Roosevelt and Hoover in 1930s. This was a policy that would help the relationship between Latin American countries and the Unites States. The good neighbors policy would not only help the Latin countries but also the United States with trade a nd military. Four freedoms (Pg. 850) Good neighbors policy (Pg. 853) Isolationism (Pg. 855) What were the major initiatives of Truman’s domestic policies? (Chapter 23) Truman listed twenty-one points in his domestic policy for the postwar American. In this visions he included a minimum wage, guaranteed employment, medical insurance, housing aid, improved benefits for war veterans, and wage and price control. The MarshallShow MoreRelatedThe Events Of World War II1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tenth’s triumphs in Italy were demonstrative of the value of specialized forces. Their success both was very influential in the events of World War II and in proving the value of specialized forces. Once the government saw how effective the focused training of this division was, they realized that a new era had begun. The Tenth Mountain Division started the period of special forces. The men in the division used their mountain climbing skills to formulate a brilliant plot to capture Riva RidgeRead MoreThe Events Of World War II Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesA â€Å"watershed† event could best be described as one such an event that marked a turning point in a course of actions or affairs. Some would argue that the second World War was nowhere close to being a watershed event and more closely aligned with being a devastating period for American history. Funnily enough, most would critically disagree with such a statement. World War II sent the United States through a frenzy of change — change that would extend even over to today’s time! So in retrospect ofRead MoreThe Events Of World War II1233 Words   |  5 PagesAt about 11 o clock on the morning of June 28, 1914, the archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated in Sarajevo; Event that is known as the trigger of the Great War, World War I; Which lasted little more than 4 years, un til November 11, 1918 when Germany signed the Armistice of Compià ¨gne. On September 1, 1939; 25 years later, World War II began with the invasion of Germany into Poland, and culminated 6 years later, on September 2, 1945. When we think of these times, many things come toRead MoreThe Events Of World War II1293 Words   |  6 PagesIt is difficult, if not impossible put the events of World War II in context without a discussion about World War I. Known at first as the Great War, the occurrences that lead up to this conflict and its happenings caused a series of events that many see led up to the start of the second World War. Although the two wars are usually seen as separate events, it is important to see the connections linking the two together. The Great War ending was one that saw Germany placed the position of sole guiltRead MoreThe Events Of The World War II1537 Words   |  7 PagesUniversity Operation Barbarossa U.S. Military History – SS3505 Nick Alessandroni 11/8/2014 â€Æ' Despite varying opinions on what actual triggered the start of World War II, Hitler ordering the invasion of Poland on September 1st, 1939 is believed to be the true mark of the beginning of the Second World War. Germany had been pondering war with Poland since the 1920s and recovering lost territory was considered the main objective (Radzilowski J., 2004). However, the initial reason for the German invasionRead MoreEvents of World War II466 Words   |  2 PagesWorld War2, many events took place in history. In World War2,these events had most been written about the holocaust, ration books, Green Police, and the famous concentration and death camp of that time. In 1939, people started and needed to use ration books. German submarines attacked British and American ships, so many supplies had to be cut short. During this time, the Nazi created an organization of soldiers called â€Å"Gestapo† or â€Å"Green Police†. Later on, in 1945, Auschwitz was created and becameRead MoreWorld War II : A Watershed Event1690 Words   |  7 PagesWorld War II was considered to be a watershed event in history by many historians. A watershed event is commonly referred to as an â€Å"event or period marking a turning point in a course of action or state of affairs†. World War II was an event that changed history and the aftermath wrecked most ideas of the future before the war. After the war every party wanted to not repeat this war, so instead of peace, the world rearmed with new technologies and humanitarian ideologies to prevent any form of theRead MoreEvents that Triggered World War II1193 Words   |  5 Pageseffects of World War 1. In the meantime Adolf Hitler granted to be ruler of Germany, in return he would take revenge on the people causing their defeat in World War 1, most specifically Jews. Russia: Russia was part of the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was the main enemy of Germany. Most of Germanys resources went to fight the Soviets not the western allies. The bloodiest fighting of WW2 occurred on the Russian Front. The Soviet Union is directly responsible for Germanys declaration of war on theRead MoreHorrific Events from World War II778 Words   |  3 PagesTwo most horrific events in world history occurred in World War Two. They are known as the holocaust and the Japanese war crimes. The question is, which was worse? And who actually recalls anything named Japanese War crimes? Both were unmerciful acts, but the criminals of the Japanese were never brought to justice. The Japense war crimes was worse, because they were killed, discriminated, and American soldiers cut their body parts alive or dead as souvenirs, this was known as American mutilationRead MoreEssay on The Awful Events of The World War II526 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War II was the most unhaumane event in time of American history or even world history. Hitler was in charge of the mass destruction in Europe. His plan was callled the final solution, him and his right hand man Himmler a had created. The plan was to kill everyone w ho wasnt an undesirable such as jews. The Arain race was the perfect form of people that Hitler wanted to create and only have, this racd consisted of blue eyes, blonde hair, muscualr/fit, and tall. In 1933 Hitler became the chancellor

Educational Needs Of Children With Learning Disabilities...

Even after a child is diagnosed with a disability, they remain able to improve intellectually and personally. â€Å"Special Education is a specialized area of education which uses unique instructional methods, materials, learning aids, and equipment to meet the educational needs of children with learning disabilities.†(Specialednews, 2009). â€Å"Learning disabilities do not go away — they’re with you for life. That doesn’t mean someone with a learning disability can’t achieve or even be wildly successful. They just need to find ways to circumvent or accommodate for the areas in which they don’t do well†(Kane, J.2012). â€Å"Close to half of the secondary students currently identified as learning disabled are more than three grade levels behind in essential academic skills. (Specialednews, 2009).† Some of the human population think just because someone has a disability or are placed in the special education classroom, they aren’t going to get smarter and that’s not the case. Students with a learning disability could just u se assistance more than an average student, maybe they need a little extra help. That doesn’t mean they are dumb or aren’t getting smarter. By getting extra help from an aid is helping them improve and getting a better understanding of what they’re getting taught. Their aid is helping the student learn it in a way they will be able to remember the material. â€Å" A person who is diabetic can still be a world-class athlete, but they need to figure out how to balance theShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Mainstreaming Students With Disabilities Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesin regular education classrooms for many years and have been set back in each IEP (Individualized Educational Plan) on what would benefit the child. Not enough students with disabilities are being mainstreamed so they can experience the full capacity of their learning stages. It is important for all individuals involved to understand the pros and cons associated with placing a student with disabi lities into a normal classroom with everyday students. Allowing students the opportunity to learn withRead MoreExploring the Different Types of Special Needs Education Essay637 Words   |  3 PagesSpecial Needs In earlier, more primitive civilizations, all persons were expected to be able-bodied in order to stay alive. Those persons who had defects noted at birth were note protected and allowed to die at delivery or in early years. As time progressed, researchers and medical doctors began to study and treat children with disabilities. These actions aided in supporting the live on children that are challenged with disabilities (Reynolds Fletcher-Janzen, 2002) Special needs educationRead MoreIndividuals With Disabilities Education Act1688 Words   |  7 Pages INDIVIDUALS WITH DISABILITIES EDUCATION ACT IDEA - - - - A law ensuring services to children with disabilities throughout the nation. IDEA governs how states and public agencies provide early intervention, special education, and related services to more than 6.5 million eligible infants, toddlers, children, and youth with disabilities. http://idea.ed.gov/ IDEA -Was originally enacted by Congress in 1975 to ensure that children with disabilities have the opportunity to receive a free appropriateRead MoreImproving Student Participation Is A Matter Of Importance1543 Words   |  7 Pagesof ability, ethnicity and learning needs. Ensuring student participation is a matter of importance, since children are at times deprived of equal right to use inclusive education from early childhood through to adulthood. Inclusive education means eliminating the distinction between special and regular education and giving equal opportunities despite their level of disability. It implies that providing educational facilities to students with additional educational needs which are used by most otherRead MoreTeaching Assistant Level 3 - assignment 6 Essay1452 Words   |  6 PagesTeaching Assistant Diploma – Assignment Six 1. What is meant by the term educational inclusion? Inclusion in education is an approach to educating students with special needs. Under the inclusion model, students with special needs spend most or all of their time with non-disabled students. Implementation of these practices varies. Schools most frequently use them for selected students with mild to severe special needs. Inclusive education differs from previously held notions of integrationRead MoreAutism Essay724 Words   |  3 Pagescould support children on the spectrum to develop in the safe space of a drama group. The necessary social skills could be practised in drama class and appeared to support the integration of appropriate social behaviour (D’Amico et al., 2015:22). The description of the wider education background regarding some of the challenges faced by children with autism, including White Paper 6, revealed an awareness of the impact of disabilities that lead to the exclusion of children with disabilities in educationRead MoreTheme 1: Legislation. The Irish Constitution Enshrines1521 Words   |  7 Pageslaw’. Under the Constitution, every child has a protected right to education regardless of their needs or ability. The right to education goes beyond academic achievement to the development of the child’s personality, talents and abilities to their fullest potential and providing them with the tools to live a full and responsible life within society. The State must ensure that children with disabilities have equal opportunities to participate fully in education through the removal of barriers thatRead MoreKuwait Society For The Welfare Of The Disabled1670 Words   |  7 Pagesall categories of people with disabilities in the State of Kuwait with complete free services. It is supported by Kuwaiti s government. It established in 1971 from a group of volunteers who believed it is their own duty to be next people with disabilities and support them to achieve their right in community were unable to accept them, and give them their rights as human. Kuwait Society for the Welfare of the Disabled tray to carry the burden for people with disabilities and their family, relieve themRead MoreSpecial Education Students Placement and Performance Outcomes on Math Assessments1508 Words   |  7 PagesThe issue of educational placements for students with disabilities has been an ongoing issue of debate brought to attention in 1975 by the passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA). This act required that procedures be enacted that would protect the rights of disabled children and assure that to the extent appropriate handicapped children are edu cated with children who are not handicapped and that the removal of handicappedRead MoreLabeling: Disability and Special Education1457 Words   |  6 PagesExceptional children and what place do they have in our schools? Exceptional children are children who are either exceptionally gifted or children with exceptional learning disabilities. These are children whose performances are way above the average child or way below the average child. When they perform way above the average child, they are called gifted. When they perform way below the average, we say they are children with learning disabilities. Like any other child, these children with exceptionalities

Advertising Of Armour s New Briefs Essay - 1348 Words

â€Å"We’ve got the best racks.†, â€Å"Even a woman could open it†, and â€Å"Fool around with a younger hotter airline.† Are just some of the shocking ads we are noticing in today’s society. The first advertisement I found was the â€Å"For the Benefit of Mankind†, Under Armour Ad. At first glance we see a very masculine male, with a chiseled body modeling his Under Armour briefs. But, if we take a closer look into the background we see a young, and beautiful woman loosely wrapped in a sexy gown. The setting of the advertisement looks like an expensive bachelor pad. The purpose of this picture is to advertise Under Armour’s new briefs, by making them look appealing to the directed audience. Along with the briefs, women stereotypes are also being advertised. Although the woman isn’t meant to be the main focus of the ad, she is added to show if a man wears these boxers, they can get with a beautiful woman. In the text below the picture the product’s features are being flaunted, but in the picture the only thing being flaunted is the masculinity of the man in the picture. One gender stereotype that is portrayed in this picture is that wom an are physically weak. The man in the photo is very muscular and enlarged in the photo. The thin female model is posed in a delicate position in the background of the picture. This shows that she is less important, and just added to highlight the male model’s masculinity. A woman perceived as sexually active might be labeled as a slut while aShow MoreRelatedThe Under Armour, Inc., And The Adidas Group1634 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This analysis of the Under Armour, Inc., and its subsidiaries is depicted in the paper; Under Armour and its subsidiaries develops, markets, and distributes branded performance apparel, footwear, and accessories for men, women, and youth primarily in North America, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, the Asia-Pacific, and Latin America. The company is in direct competition with Nike, Inc. and The Adidas Group. Therefore, this paper will further attempt to evaluate the pressure exertedRead MoreNike : A Company For Innovation2059 Words   |  9 Pageswhen looking towards the future. Nike also has been able to implement unique pricing and advertising strategies to keep them at the forefront of their respective industry, leading the way for competitors and peers to attempt to follow. Porter’s five forces will demonstrate how Nike is set up in the current industry and whether there should be a cause for concern or stability in the company’s future. Nike: A Brief History Nike, founded by Bill Bowerman and Phil Knight in 1964, was formerly â€Å"Blue RibbonRead MoreUnder Armours Strategy in 2013: Good Enough to Win Market Share from Nike Adidas4586 Words   |  19 PagesArmour’s Strategy in 2013 – Good Enough to Win Market Share from Nike adidas? 1. How strong are the competitive forces confronting Under Armour, Nike, and The adidas Group? Provide a five-forces analysis to support your answer. The competitive forces confronting Under Armour, Nike and The adidas Group are: Supplier Bargaining Power Under Armour Under Armour has established multiple suppliers of raw materials and fabrics, most of which are dispersed among south-east Asia and Latin America.Read MoreEssay Writing9260 Words   |  38 Pagesmaintain a sense of your own personality. Do not worry about sounding academic, but avoid sloppiness. The Review A review may be either formal or informal, depending on the context. Its goal is to evaluate a work, which implies that the reviewer s personal opinion plays a significant role in the process. However, a certain objective standard needs to be maintained and, as in a persuasive essay, your assertions need to be proved. The formality of the review will be determined by how much of theRead MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 Pagesincluding photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. IM-1826 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 2. The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 3. The Economics of Sports, Sportscasters, and SportscastingRead MoreSports17369 Words   |  70 Pagesincluding photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. IM-1826 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 2. The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 3. The Economics of Sports, Sportscasters, and SportscastingRead MoreNike Marketing Strategy7428 Words   |  30 PagesPorters Five Forces model, the general characteristics of the industry can be described in the figure as follow. Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that the sportswear industry as a whole can be characterized as competitive and easy for new entrants. Such truth has raised challenges for existed companies, such as Nike. In addition to that, customers have higher bargaining power to sportswear providers, and this pushed companies to the point where lower profit margin becomes one of theRead MoreA Case Study of International Brand Management: Comparison of Lexus Brand Management in Brazil, United States and Japan.39374 Words   |  158 Pages ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 51 Currency gain/loss pass-through to consumers ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·51 Price coordination ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 52 I.2.7. Global advertising  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 53 Approaches to international advertising  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·54 Global media decisions  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 54 Sales promotion  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·55Read MoreDescribe How to Establish Respectful Professional Relationships with Adults52870 Words   |  212 Pagesthe industry Many of the problems described in the Interim Report, and also addressed in this Final Report, are made more serious by economic difficulties. But others are inherent (Chapter 2). Preparing the project and contract strategies and the brief requires patience and practical advice. The CIC should issue a guide to briefing for clients (Chapter 3, paragraph 3.13). The DOE should publish a simply worded Construction Strategy Code of Practice (Chapter 3, paragraphs 3.14 - 3.15) which shouldRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesProfessor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University and Colin Gilligan Professor of Marketing Sheffield Hallam University and Visiting Professor, Northumbria University AMSTERDAM †¢ BOSTON †¢ HEIDELBERG †¢ LONDON †¢ NEW YORK †¢ OXFORD PARIS †¢ SAN DIEGO †¢ SAN FRANCISCO †¢ SINGAPORE †¢ SYDNEY †¢ TOKYO Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 1992 Second edition 1997 Reprinted 1998

Huntintons Disease A brief overview of current fin Essay Example For Students

Huntintons Disease A brief overview of current fin Essay dings and theories of the biochemical and molecular biological characteristics of polyQ triple repeat mutenagized coding region of the Huntingtin geneHuntington’s disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It is passed on to children from one or both parents (though two parents with Huntington’s is extraordinarily rare) in an autosomal dominant manner. This is different from autosomal recessive disorder, which requires two altered genes (one from each parent) to inherit the disorder. So if one parent has it, and passes the gene on to a child, that child will develop Huntington’s disease if they live long enough and each of that child’s’ children will have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene, and so on and so forth. If you do not have the HD gene you can’t pass it on to your children and if your mate doesn’t have it then there is no way your child will develop the disease (spontaneous cases of HD are less than 0.1%). There are no â€Å"carriers† for Huntington’s. HD is present in all areas of the world but is dominant in western Europeans and their descendants. In the United States every 1 in 10,000 people have developed HD, that’s 300,000 people with another 150,000 at risk (all of those with children have a 50% chance of passing it on). The HD gene is present at birth, but doesn’t usually develop until a persons thirties or forties. Though this is the most common time for symptoms to develop, there have been cases were symptoms developed as young as 2 and as old as 80. Symptoms begin gradually and increase over time. Huntington’s disease affects three main areas of function: motor (physical), mood (emotional), and cognition (psychological). Motor function disturbances can fall into too much movement and too little movement. Chorea, involuntary dance-like movements, can affect any part of the body. It looks like restlessness, wriggling, movement of the fingers or toes in early stages of development. These movements become larger and more sporadic over time and can involve the face, arms, legs, and trunk. It tends to lessen in the later stages. When the disease occurs in childhood (less than 10% of cases) Chorea is more severe and may coincide with rigidity or muscle stiffness and movement restriction. B oth chorea and rigidity interfere with coordination and mobility. Changes in mood are not readily noticeable as they are slow to manifest and can be interpreted as something else (i.e. HD causes depression but so does our society so this symptom often gets overlooked) Anxiety, irritability, rage, mania, and psychosis are also common symptoms. Cognition (the mental process characterized by thinking, learning, and judging) is affected early in the disease and gets worse over time. Individuals will have problems with math, memory, judgment and verbal fluency. It is very difficult for someone with HD to learn a new task, especially in the later stages of development. There currently is neither a cure nor FDA approved medical treatment for Huntington’s disease. The life expectancy is 15 – 20 years after development begins, and though Huntington’s itself doesn’t directly kill the individual, it causes so many functional breakdowns in the body that the person can no longer perform basic physical operations such as swallowing and as such a common cause of death is choking or respitory infection. Huntington disease is caused by the expansion of a polymorphic trinucleotide repeat (CAG)n located in the coding region of the Huntingtin gene. The range of these repeats in normal individuals is 9 to 37, but in HD patients it ranges from 37 to 86 and cases up 150. The human HD gene was cloned to 4p16.3 on chromosome 4 in 1993 by the HD Collaborative Research Group. The gene named IT15( important transcript 15) includes 180-200kb and consists of 67 exons. The HD mutation occurs in the first exon of this gene, which codes for a large 348kd protein named huntingtin (htt). The mutant HD gene directs the synthesis of RNA with an expanded CAG segment and consequently a protein with a lengthened stretch of consecutive glutamine residues. The HD mRNA consists of two alternatively polyadenylated species of 13.5 and 10.5 kb with the CAG repeat located near the 5end 17 codons down from the initiator AUG. The huntingtin protein has no similarity with any other reported sequences except in the low-sequence complexity polyglutamine-polyproline region (encoded by the CAG and an adjacent degenerate CCG repeat) near the NH2-terminus and a motif implicated in cellular protein transport HEAT'(a protein motif found in Huntington ,elongation factor 3 (EP3) regulatory A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A,and TORI) found in a variety of unrelated proteins. HEAT repeats are found in several cytoplasmic regulatory proteins with known roles in transport processes. The first 17 amino acids of huntingtin and the rest of the protein downstream of the polyglutamine-polyproline segment is highly conserved in evolution, the polyglutamine-polyproline segment is not, and it may be required for Huntington’s unknown function. The CAG repeat expansion is the sole mutation responsible for all inherited and sporadic cases of HD. The number of CAG repeats influences the age of onset and disease progression. Identity crisis (joy luck club EssaySo, what does all that mean (I researched this for a week and most of what I wrote still confuses me). But basically it’s this. We have a gene, Huntingtin, of whose function we don’t yet know. But we do know were it is and what it normally looks like. When it is mutagenized to extended it’s triple repeat chain of CAG it causes a change in the shape of the protein which binds to an essential enzyme for DNA function, which changes certain processes in the cell, which leads to cell apoptosis (pre-programmed, self-induced death of the cell). This happens in the brain and affects the nervous system leading to degradation of physical and mental functions and indirectly leads to death. It must be noted that over the past 10 years causes and possible cures or treatments have changed many times and this report only summarizes recent findings and understandings or theories from 1994-2001. Other interesting aspects of this topic include the first cases of genetic discrimination. Currently in the UK there is legislation allowing insurance companies to test applicants for the HD gene and if results are positive the can deny insurance to that person, or allow insurance if backed by a mortgage and $100,000 life insurance premium. While no such legislation yet exists in the U.S. we face a dilemma of our own:Huntington’s disease genomic research represents a classical ethical dilemma created by the human genome project, i.e., that of the widened gap between what we know how to diagnose and what we know how to cure. This has been referred to as a Tiresias complex. The blind seer Tiresias confronted Oedipus with the dilemma : ‘It is but sorrow to be wise when wisdom profits not’ (from Oedipus the King by Sophocles). N.S. Wexler re-stated the question as follows: â€Å"Do you want to know how and when you are going to die if you have no power to change the outcome? Should such knowledge be made freely available?†. Maybe, maybe not. But the pursuit of how and why diseases such as Huntington’s or cystic fibrosis or down syndrome or the many other genetic disorders happen will eventually lead in the knowledge of how to prevent them all together. Just give it time. Bates,G.Eberwine, J. (2001)Hunting in the Calm Before the Storm. Nature Genetics: volume 25 no.4. The Huntingtons Disease Collaborative Research Group. (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntingtons disease chromosomes. Cell 72:971-983. Housman, D. (1995) Gain of glutamines, gain of function? Nature Genetics 10:3-4. Ashley, C.T. and Warren, S.T. Trincleotide repeat expansion and human disease. (1995) Annual Reviews of Genetics 29:703-728. Bates, G. Expanded glutamines and neurodegeneration a gain of insight. (1996) Kansas university Medical Center: Huntington Disease Clinic web page. Nasir, J. Goldberg, Y.P. and Hayden, M.R. (1996) Huntington disease: new insights into the relationship between CAG expansion and disease. Human Mitas, M. Trinucleotide repeats associated with human disease. (1997) Nucleic Gusella, J.F., Persichetti, F. and MacDonald, M.E. (1997) The genetic defect causing Huntingtons Disease: repeated in other contexts? Molecular Medicine Wellington, C.L. and Hayden, M.R. (1997) Of molecular interactions, mice and mechanisms: new insights into Huntingtons disease. Current Opinion in Neurology Chastain, P.D. and Sinden, R.R. (1998) CTG repeats associated with human genetic disease are inherently flexible. Journal of Molecular Biology 275:405-411. A brief overview of current findings and theories of the Biochemical and Molecular Biological characteristics of polyQ triple repeat mutagenized coding region of the Huntingtin geneBibliography:Attatched to paper