An Evaluation Of Agglomeration Economics

An Evaluation Of Agglomeration Economics There are various focal points that might be appreciated by firms who situate close to different firms. These points of interest are known as agglomeration financial matters or outer economies of scale. (Helsley 2003) These focal points are known as outer in light of the fact that they don't emerge from the organization itself, however from the outside condition. Comparative organizations that find near one another can create all the more effectively and at a lower cost because of their capacity to practice, access to assets, decline in transportation and access to information and data. Two instances of territories that have profited by the agglomerating of economies are the oil and gas industry in Alberta and the Auto business in Detroit. These ventures emerged in their particular areas for various reasons yet both offer the regular states of economies of scale and agglomeration financial aspects. Both of these ventures exploit the areas by delivering all the more productively and expanding benefits. The Oil Industry in Alberta The most famous oil revelation in Alberta that truly moved the business was made by Imperial Oil 1n 1947 when they struck oil close Leduc. (ucalgary.ca) Oil was anyway found in Alberta much before at that point. During the 1910s a rancher at Okotoks found gas and afterward during the 1930s oil was found underneath the gas fields. In light of these two disclosures universal oil organizations started tasks in Alberta, and in 1923 and 1939 Imperial Oil and British America Oil fabricated treatment facilities in Calgary. In 1938 the Alberta government set up the Alberta Energy Conservation Board in 1938, this drove the path for Calgarys advancement of being the primary organization place for the oil and gas industry in Alberta. These early revelations helped divert Alberta from perhaps the most unfortunate territory in the Nation into the multibillion dollar domain that it is today. The explanation that the oil and gas industry settled in Alberta was a direct result of geographic area, th is is the place the greater part of the oil and gas in the region lives. Since this industry depends on extraction and handling of a crude asset it expected to find where the asset is. Anyway government strategy has additionally helped shape the business. Government strategy, both at the commonplace and bureaucratic levels have affected the oil and gas economy. Like I recently referenced the commonplace government in 1938 arrangement of the AECB and this picked Calgary as the primary managerial head for the business. All the more as of late other government programs have likewise helped shape the business by opening up business sectors and access to work, NAFTA is a case of this. When the business begins developing it makes numerous positive externalities that fuel the input circle which thusly develops the economy some more. There are presently a few zones of the territory that have concentrated much further and are currently observing their own agglomeration financial aspects a few instances of this are the oil and gas home office in downtown Calgary and Albertas Industrial Heartland north east of Edmonton. This territory comprises of numerous organizations gaining practical experience in the petro concoction industry. These organizations situating in nearness incredibly decreases their funnel line costs since they would all be able to share one significant pipeline and afterward simply construct minor lines to every one of their plants. In Calgary having such a significant number of organizations in nearness incredibly speeds up to which interchanges and information can be moved and it likewise extraordinarily decreases scan costs for firms searching for g ifted work. Having the oil business centered in Alberta has likewise helped in significantly extending examination and preparing programs for the business. Quite a bit of this has been created due to legitimate need since extraction is turning out to be increasingly troublesome and organizations need to practice further and further, directional penetrating and the oil sands are instances of this. The oil business has developed into one of the most persuasive areas in the province, and has left Alberta, with its recently seen monetary security as appreciated. There are numerous elements, for example, a steady government, government projects and motivators and new information and advances that have all helped shape the business into what it currently is. Anyway it is difficult to attempt and over look the undeniable actuality that the business is found where it is a direct result of access to the important asset underneath Albertas soils. Alberta has had the option to make this incredible agglomerated economy as a result of the straightforward reality that the area contains huge stores whether they be shallow gas or the Oil Sands of Fort McMurray. Detroits Auto Industry Detroit or Motown is the main Vehicle maker in the United States. It was not generally along these lines notwithstanding. The primary gas fueled vehicle was fabricated is Springfield Massachusetts in 1896. The primary vehicle to be worked in Detroit was produced by Olds in 1899. In any case, by 1904 42% of vehicles were worked in Detroit and afterward by 1914 this number rose to 78%. (McDonald 2007) From 1900 to 1930 the number of inhabitants in Detroit developed quickly from 305 000 to 1 837 000 individuals this was incredibly identified with the way that by 1929 the Auto Mobile industry in Detroit was the biggest business in the Country. In 1909 there were more than 200 vehicle makers in the United States this number anyway dropped quickly until it was essentially simply the three based out of Detroit; General Motors, Ford and Chrysler. There are a couple of different elements that some have added to the achievements of Detroit, for example, the way that Detroit is a significant de livery port and this would give them access to modest transportation of crude assets, parts and markets. While geographic area may have assumed a minor job in the Auto business in Detroit it is broadly perceived that it's anything but a key component in Detroits achievement. (Klepper 2001) The principle reason is only the reality of Agglomeration Economics. Early car makers were set up everywhere throughout the region, the ones that turned into the best coincidentally was the ones that were arrangement in closeness. Detroit previously had a delivery industry which implied that there was at that point talented mechanics that knew gas motors, this gave the vehicle business access to these aptitudes. There was additionally as of now producers set up that could fabricate motors and parts. Since there were such huge numbers of makers in closeness this is were individuals started moving to look for some kind of employment, in light of the fact that with such a large number of organizations near one another it made the most noteworthy chances of getting a new line of work. There was additionally overflow information that different organizations could gain from, for example, Henry Fords acclaimed creation the sequential construction system. This incredibly diminished expense and accelerate the time wherein an auto could be produced. In 1910 it is said that the sequential construction system brought down the expense to create one Model T from $780 $360. (McDonlad) Once different makes in Detroit saw the incredible accomplishment of this they before long actualized sequential construction systems. 2 There are numerous advantages to organizations that move to a spot where there is an agglomerating economy. The most evident favorable position is economies of scale. At the point when an industry develops huge enough organizations begin to practice. At the point when a market is sufficiently enormous and organizations begin to practice at that point costs are diminished. In the vehicle business in the event that there are part makers and that is all they have practical experience in, at that point the auto makes might have the option to purchase items, for example, course for short of what they could deliver them inside. Or then again for state the oil business there may be a type of boring issue and an organization needs an exceptional bit of hardware, it doesnt make since for them to get it for only one issue however there is likely another organization that has had some expertise in that bit of apparatus so it is less expensive just to employ them. Creation costs are additionally significantly diminished in an agglomerated economy in view of a decrease in transportation costs, both of individuals and material. On account of the Industrial Heartland they would all be able to share pipeline costs as opposed to having to all form their own, this significantly diminishes costs. Too if there is sufficient industry situated in a region it likewise may turn out to be increasingly practical to have a rail line put in. Too it bodes well to have processing plants worked in Alberta since this is the place the oil creation is so it saves money on transportation crude assets. Also in the two occurrences it significantly lessens on the expense of the exchange of information. At the point when a car organization has an extraordinary new thought or a creation procedure and you are situated close to them, at that point the reasonable hood of getting some answers concerning the thought and profiting by it is a lot higher. Also in either example in the event that you have an issue and need assistance there is presumably somebody near you that has had experience managing that issue, or there may be specific research organizations set up for the business. At the point when you are working in a territory that is specialized it is critical to approach the best personalities and new innovation. Also when you have the entirety of this information and involvement with your fingertips it doesnt feel as though youre alone, you are working under long periods of past experience that has significantly decreased the hazard for your business in the business. For this situation there is a significant bit of leeway contrasted with somebody starting a business far away from the significant zone of impact. Just as there being advantages to the business and industry as a gap there are additionally points of interest of agglomerated economies for representatives. For example on the off chance that you were searching for an occupation in a vehicle production line, you would want to go to a city where that are 5 plants at that point go to a city with just one, your odds of effectively getting a new line of work increment if there are increasingly potential positions. Also when there are more occupations in a zone a representative can single out and discover the position that most intently coordinates their range of abilities and wants. On the off chance that there are more occupations this additionally increment open doors for a worker to leave and proceed to work for the contender this

Origin Of The Term Identity Politics Cultural Studies Essay

Starting point Of The Term Identity Politics Cultural Studies Essay A Contested Term. The starting point of the term personality governmental issues is some of the time followed to the 1960s Civil Rights Movement yet it was verbalized by ladies of shading in their 1977 Combahee River Collective Statement. The term alludes to aggregate gathering personalities like race, ethnicity, sex, religion, standing, sexual direction, physical inability as the reason for political examination and activity. Its principle objective is to engage people to explain their separation and imperceptibility through cognizance raising and activity. Personalities and Movements It is critical to discuss this term and its governmental issues as it has been the reason for a few developments just as an ideological test to existing investigative systems and clarifications. During the 1980s, there was a social and strict revivalism as ethnic clash in Sri Lanka, Hindu communalism in India and worldwide Islamist fundamentalism. During the 1990s, there was the savagery and disaster of previous Yugoslavia, developments dependent on ancestral characters in Rwanda and Sudan. Numerous nations particularly in the European Union saw conservative developments with regards to movement and patriotism with banters on Britishness or the restricting of headscarves in France. At present, researchers have seen its re-appearance in the Presidential challenge among Obama and Hillary Clinton in the USA for example pitching their crusades around the principal lady president or the main dark president. Creation of an Identity A few characters accompany birth like the dark, standing or strict ones. Or on the other hand they can be gained like national ones, sexual inclinations or intrigue gatherings. Personalities are liquid, numerous and temperamental. They might be obscured or eradicated over some stretch of time. That they might be made as the character of being Indian was proliferated after Independence from British expansionism. Numerous personalities imply that they are contending with one another frequently bringing about clashing loyalties like a lady may during a mutual mob need to pick between her strict gathering character and that of her sex. Frequently there is solid cultural protection from intersection personality limits like on account of sexual characters. Social standards and establishments don't permit individuals to step out of their recommended character. Reasons for Identity Mobilisations Why have personality developments risen during this conjuncture of history? Hypothetical clarifications unite the social, political and monetary. The worldwide trip of capital has spread industrialisation everywhere throughout the world. Overall exchange and correspondence has made a homogenization of culture and legislative issues. Youngsters in many pieces of the world know about the Coke and Jean culture, American movies and TV serials. Anyway the effect of the monetary procedure has been lopsided. There is a polarization between the rich and the poor in a nation and between countries of the North and the South. Sex relations are likewise changing as more ladies are joining the workforce regularly when men are jobless making hatred and rivalry. Ladies are increasingly portable and obvious. Also, the man centric family structure is debilitating. Clashing There is an area of individuals who are profiting by the globalized world market. However, the goals and any expectations of many are gave a false representation of. Sliding social and financial gatherings disdain their loss of benefits. So there is an open upheaval in UK that Indian specialists are assuming control over the British clinical framework or that pariahs are assuming control over employments which ought to legitimately have a place with Marathi talking individuals in Mumbai. The surge of Westernization and its qualities because of globalization has made a response of conventionality. Conservative Muslim, Hindu and Christian gatherings have called for social re-affirmation and pride in ones character. Corresponding to the broad social, political and financial changes and personality based developments was the ascent of post innovation in the scholarly world. As a study of Marxist strength in principle, post pioneers gave culture a critical spot in examination and moved the concentration to control relations, characters, development of sex, class, race and so forth. The Rise of Identity Movements [ Used in Womens Movement] Characters are amazing wellsprings of cognizance and assembly as they make an individual aware of his/her personality and unite them for political dissent and requests through savage or different methods. At present there are huge mobilisations dependent on characters like: Overall Islamist Movements Hindu conservative developments Provincial self assurance developments like Tamil country in Sri Lanka, Kashmir and North East in India, Kurds in Turkey Sexual inclinations like the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgendered [LGBT] development Worker's guild Movements There is an inclination to see id based developments as backward in light of the fact that they are generally connected with conservative developments. Be that as it may, the sexuality developments have tested preservationist ideas of sex and sexual exercises. 6. The Other Prohibition and Inclusion are basic standards for character development. The we of a specific gathering must be recognized versus they of the other gathering. The way toward characterizing and controlling these limits of contrast has been instituted as Other-ing. This procedure of making similarity and otherness among individuals, has been utilized to legitimize all habits of persecution and savagery against minimized, more vulnerable, less ground-breaking gatherings. Across history these have included Women, Blacks, Jews, Homosexuals, Dalits, Tribals, lower classes, People with Disabilities and so on. The Ideal Woman Character Movements, which are conservative, have given an exceptional spot to ladies. For instance, both Muslim fundamentalism and Hindu communalism venture a perfect lady as irreplaceable for society. These beliefs are identified with womens dress, conduct, sexual movement and parenthood. Nazi Germany celebrated the light Aryan lady, who bears kids, acknowledges auxiliary status to her better half and the State. Muslim fundamentalism advocates an arrival to custom as Islam is at serious risk, strengthens Muslim character by dismissing Westernization and particularly by engendering the cloak for ladies, job of a homemaker, and the arrival to or inconvenience of the Sharia Laws or Muslim Personal Laws. Underlying foundations of custom are previously and isn't not entirely clear. Life and Laws stream from the blessed book, and its implications are fixed and non begging to be proven wrong. Ladies are viewed as gatekeepers of Muslim culture and respected as long as they play out their obligations to be acceptable moms and bring up their children as warriors of Islam. 8. Sita not Draupadi Hindu communalists glorify Sita, the spouse of the fanciful god, Ram. The characteristics of Sita are that of a virtuous pati vrata or perfect spouse who follows her better half to the timberland, bears him children and immolates herself when her loyalty is in doubt. Draupadi then again was an eloquent, confident and glad lady who has 5 spouses, who she ceaselessly challenges and even looks for retribution. Ladies have been a piece of the disguise procedure since their adolescence. They also have confidence in huge numbers of these qualities and endeavor to keep up the jobs engendered by fundamentalists. Also, for doing as such, they are regarded and given status by their men and fundamentalist pioneers. Many taught, proficient and Westernized ladies have gone to their religion since it likewise offers them mental and physical security. Emergency in Feminism The womens development and women's activist hypothesis went into an emergency with the approach of post innovation and personality based developments. The previous challenged the class lady as additionally all universalisms. Ladies couldn't be viewed as a homogenous gathering and the utilizing of we was politically off base. The mottos of ladies of shading were gotten by Jewish ladies, indigenous and later Third World ladies. Worldwide sisterhood was let go. These voices of different women's activists presented the thoughts of feminisms, as opposed to just women's liberation. Also, these feminisms acquired the thought of various persecutions, different man centric societies and womens developments. Women's activist investigation moved from viewpoint woman's rights to different postmodernist feminisms. Studies on womens subjection across societies, social orders, and verifiable periods moved to miniaturized scale accounts of class/race/and sex. 10. Emergency in Feminist Politics The conflict of various characters and loyalties which encompass them came out into people in general. The womens development in India and the women's activist gatherings are not that huge or famous to have arrived at the majority of ladies to support a sex based character. Without a well known mainstream development, most of ladies line up with their station or strict personalities. Enormous quantities of them took an interest during the Mumbai Riots of 1992-93 after the destruction of the Babri Masjid against Muslims and on the side of the sati of Roop Kanwar [1987] against women's activist gatherings and dynamic developments requesting a boycott. In the Shah Bano Case [1985], ladies bolstered an upkeep law planned by the govt and Muslim pioneers against their own advantages. Now and again ladies are maneuvered into fights not of their creation as on account of the Cauvery River riots. Both Tamil and Kannadiga ladies had no information on stream water issues yet were exposed to assault and attack by the adversary network. Abusive behavior at home gets undetectable despite other state wide brutality like in Kashmir, North East and Sri Lanka. Ladies might want to address aggressive behavior at home however penance their individual rights as ladies to network rights for self assurance. 10. Methodologies One of the fundamental issues with personality governmental issues is that its presumptions can prompt a practically interminable number of little, atomised character gatherings. Interpreted forward this rationale comes as meaning that at last every individual is her own gathering. Character legislative issues makes it hard to unite enormous gatherings to dissent and by and large represent radica

Tourettes Syndrome and OCD

Tourettes Syndrome and OCD OCD Related Conditions Print Tourettes Syndrome and OCD Tourettes Syndrome Is Often Associated With OCD By Owen Kelly, PhD Updated on April 19, 2019 Hero Images/Getty Images More in OCD Related Conditions Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Treatment Types Living With OCD In This Article Table of Contents Expand Symptoms Prevalence Causes Treatment View All Back To Top Tourette’s syndrome is named after French neurologist Georges Gilles de la Tourette, who first described the disorder in 1885. This childhood-onset movement disorder is often associated with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), attention-deficit disorder (ADHD), and other disorders. In fact, 86% of children with Tourettes syndrome also have at least one other behavioral, mental, or developmental condition, and the most common of these are OCD and ADHD. Symptoms The main symptom associated with Tourette’s syndrome is the presence of tics. Tics are sudden, brief, involuntary or semi-voluntary movements or sounds. Motor Tics Simple motor tics involve only a single muscle or group of muscles and can be brief (eye-blinking or nose twitching), prolonged (shoulder turning or mouth opening) or sustained for a long period of time (extending or flexing a limb).Complex motor tics are more involved and often resemble normal movement such as jumping, hitting, throwing or touching; however, they often occur in inappropriate settings or include inappropriate or obscene gestures. These complex motor tics can cause considerable embarrassment for the affected person. Sound or Phonic Tics Simple phonic tics are usually meaningless noises or utterances. Common examples include blowing, coughing, throat clearing, grunting, sniffing, or hiccuping.Complex phonic tics are words or phrases that include obscenities, echoing what others say, and repeating one’s own statements. Tics can be suppressed and usually improve when the child is distracted; however, they can reappear anytime. The Downside of Suppressing Tics Suppressing tics for a long period of time can actually lead to a dramatic increase in tics later on. Many patients report physical discomfort just before carrying out a tic. Affected children will execute the tic over and over again until it feels “just right.” Prevalence Tourette’s syndrome is relatively rare, occurring in less than 1% of the population. It is five times more common among males than females and usually begins between 8 and 10 years of age. For most children, symptoms tend to improve by the end of adolescence with a small number becoming symptom-free. Many children with Tourette’s also have ADHD, OCD and other psychiatric problems, such as depression or social phobia. Other behavioral problems common to children with Tourette’s syndrome are poor impulse control, inability to control anger, inappropriate sexual aggressiveness, and antisocial behavior. Causes As tics and associated illnesses like OCD improve with medications that alter the brain neurochemicals  serotonin and dopamine, it has been speculated that Tourette’s syndrome may be partially the result of abnormalities in the communication of these neurochemicals. In addition, many studies have noted abnormalities within an area of the brain called the basal ganglia (an area important to the initiation and cessation of movement) among people with Tourette’s syndrome. Genes may also play a role in developing Tourette’s syndrome. Close relatives of individuals with Tourette’s syndrome often have tics, OCD or ADHD. Treatment Behavioral treatments that aim to improve social functioning, self-esteem, and quality of life are the first-line treatment strategy for Tourette’s syndrome. Common behavior therapies include cognitive-behavior therapy and relaxation therapy. Involving parents, teachers, and classmates in the efforts is often essential for effective treatment. If the child is severely affected or engaging in self-harming behavior, medication may be needed. Medications that are effective for treating the symptoms of Tourette’s syndrome include atypical antipsychotics, such as Haldol (haloperidol) and Orap (pimozide), and atypical antipsychotics, such as Risperdal (risperidone) and Zyprexa (olanzapine). When symptoms of OCD, anxiety, and depression are present, treatment may also include antidepressants, such as Prozac (fluoxetine) or Anafranil (clomipramine). Be sure to discuss which treatment options may be best with your doctor.

The Events Of The World War II - 986 Words

What steps led to American participation in World War II? (Chapter 22) After World War I legacy the Great Depression brought isolationism. The best work produced by President Roosevelt was the Four Freedoms; freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear. President Roosevelt was the leader of the Allies, he used this statement as part of his Allies aim. The Soviet Union joined the Allies after being invaded by Germany. Millions of art were sold and reprinted as it publicizes the Four Freedom in 1943. In 1940s after tension between the United States and Japan over East Asia, on December 7, 1941 Japan attacked Pearl Harbor. There was no warning of this attack happening as a result United States declared war on Japan. The Good neighbors policy was, brought into place by President Roosevelt and Hoover in 1930s. This was a policy that would help the relationship between Latin American countries and the Unites States. The good neighbors policy would not only help the Latin countries but also the United States with trade a nd military. Four freedoms (Pg. 850) Good neighbors policy (Pg. 853) Isolationism (Pg. 855) What were the major initiatives of Truman’s domestic policies? (Chapter 23) Truman listed twenty-one points in his domestic policy for the postwar American. In this visions he included a minimum wage, guaranteed employment, medical insurance, housing aid, improved benefits for war veterans, and wage and price control. The MarshallShow MoreRelatedThe Events Of World War II1285 Words   |  6 PagesThe Tenth’s triumphs in Italy were demonstrative of the value of specialized forces. Their success both was very influential in the events of World War II and in proving the value of specialized forces. Once the government saw how effective the focused training of this division was, they realized that a new era had begun. The Tenth Mountain Division started the period of special forces. The men in the division used their mountain climbing skills to formulate a brilliant plot to capture Riva RidgeRead MoreThe Events Of World War II Essay1284 Words   |  6 PagesA â€Å"watershed† event could best be described as one such an event that marked a turning point in a course of actions or affairs. Some would argue that the second World War was nowhere close to being a watershed event and more closely aligned with being a devastating period for American history. Funnily enough, most would critically disagree with such a statement. World War II sent the United States through a frenzy of change — change that would extend even over to today’s time! 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And who actually recalls anything named Japanese War crimes? Both were unmerciful acts, but the criminals of the Japanese were never brought to justice. The Japense war crimes was worse, because they were killed, discriminated, and American soldiers cut their body parts alive or dead as souvenirs, this was known as American mutilationRead MoreEssay on The Awful Events of The World War II526 Words   |  3 PagesWorld War II was the most unhaumane event in time of American history or even world history. Hitler was in charge of the mass destruction in Europe. His plan was callled the final solution, him and his right hand man Himmler a had created. The plan was to kill everyone w ho wasnt an undesirable such as jews. The Arain race was the perfect form of people that Hitler wanted to create and only have, this racd consisted of blue eyes, blonde hair, muscualr/fit, and tall. In 1933 Hitler became the chancellor

Educational Needs Of Children With Learning Disabilities...

Even after a child is diagnosed with a disability, they remain able to improve intellectually and personally. â€Å"Special Education is a specialized area of education which uses unique instructional methods, materials, learning aids, and equipment to meet the educational needs of children with learning disabilities.†(Specialednews, 2009). â€Å"Learning disabilities do not go away — they’re with you for life. That doesn’t mean someone with a learning disability can’t achieve or even be wildly successful. They just need to find ways to circumvent or accommodate for the areas in which they don’t do well†(Kane, J.2012). â€Å"Close to half of the secondary students currently identified as learning disabled are more than three grade levels behind in essential academic skills. (Specialednews, 2009).† Some of the human population think just because someone has a disability or are placed in the special education classroom, they aren’t going to get smarter and that’s not the case. Students with a learning disability could just u se assistance more than an average student, maybe they need a little extra help. That doesn’t mean they are dumb or aren’t getting smarter. By getting extra help from an aid is helping them improve and getting a better understanding of what they’re getting taught. Their aid is helping the student learn it in a way they will be able to remember the material. â€Å" A person who is diabetic can still be a world-class athlete, but they need to figure out how to balance theShow MoreRelatedBenefits Of Mainstreaming Students With Disabilities Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pagesin regular education classrooms for many years and have been set back in each IEP (Individualized Educational Plan) on what would benefit the child. Not enough students with disabilities are being mainstreamed so they can experience the full capacity of their learning stages. 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Exceptional children are children who are either exceptionally gifted or children with exceptional learning disabilities. These are children whose performances are way above the average child or way below the average child. When they perform way above the average child, they are called gifted. When they perform way below the average, we say they are children with learning disabilities. Like any other child, these children with exceptionalities

Advertising Of Armour s New Briefs Essay - 1348 Words

â€Å"We’ve got the best racks.†, â€Å"Even a woman could open it†, and â€Å"Fool around with a younger hotter airline.† Are just some of the shocking ads we are noticing in today’s society. The first advertisement I found was the â€Å"For the Benefit of Mankind†, Under Armour Ad. At first glance we see a very masculine male, with a chiseled body modeling his Under Armour briefs. But, if we take a closer look into the background we see a young, and beautiful woman loosely wrapped in a sexy gown. The setting of the advertisement looks like an expensive bachelor pad. The purpose of this picture is to advertise Under Armour’s new briefs, by making them look appealing to the directed audience. Along with the briefs, women stereotypes are also being advertised. Although the woman isn’t meant to be the main focus of the ad, she is added to show if a man wears these boxers, they can get with a beautiful woman. In the text below the picture the product’s features are being flaunted, but in the picture the only thing being flaunted is the masculinity of the man in the picture. One gender stereotype that is portrayed in this picture is that wom an are physically weak. The man in the photo is very muscular and enlarged in the photo. The thin female model is posed in a delicate position in the background of the picture. This shows that she is less important, and just added to highlight the male model’s masculinity. 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Do not worry about sounding academic, but avoid sloppiness. The Review A review may be either formal or informal, depending on the context. Its goal is to evaluate a work, which implies that the reviewer s personal opinion plays a significant role in the process. However, a certain objective standard needs to be maintained and, as in a persuasive essay, your assertions need to be proved. The formality of the review will be determined by how much of theRead MoreSports17363 Words   |  70 Pagesincluding photocopying, microfilm, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America. Routledge, Taylor Francis Group, 270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016. IM-1826 CONTENTS Introduction Chapter 1. Introduction to Sports, Sportscasters, and Sportscasting Chapter 2. The Historical Development of Sports and Sportscasting Chapter 3. 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In addition to that, customers have higher bargaining power to sportswear providers, and this pushed companies to the point where lower profit margin becomes one of theRead MoreA Case Study of International Brand Management: Comparison of Lexus Brand Management in Brazil, United States and Japan.39374 Words   |  158 Pages ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 51 Currency gain/loss pass-through to consumers ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·51 Price coordination ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 52 I.2.7. Global advertising  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 53 Approaches to international advertising  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·54 Global media decisions  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ · 54 Sales promotion  ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·Ã‚ ·55Read MoreDescribe How to Establish Respectful Professional Relationships with Adults52870 Words   |  212 Pagesthe industry Many of the problems described in the Interim Report, and also addressed in this Final Report, are made more serious by economic difficulties. But others are inherent (Chapter 2). Preparing the project and contract strategies and the brief requires patience and practical advice. The CIC should issue a guide to briefing for clients (Chapter 3, paragraph 3.13). The DOE should publish a simply worded Construction Strategy Code of Practice (Chapter 3, paragraphs 3.14 - 3.15) which shouldRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 PagesProfessor of Business Administration The Business School Loughborough University and Colin Gilligan Professor of Marketing Sheffield Hallam University and Visiting Professor, Northumbria University AMSTERDAM †¢ BOSTON †¢ HEIDELBERG †¢ LONDON †¢ NEW YORK †¢ OXFORD PARIS †¢ SAN DIEGO †¢ SAN FRANCISCO †¢ SINGAPORE †¢ SYDNEY †¢ TOKYO Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803 First published 1992 Second edition 1997 Reprinted 1998

Huntintons Disease A brief overview of current fin Essay Example For Students

Huntintons Disease A brief overview of current fin Essay dings and theories of the biochemical and molecular biological characteristics of polyQ triple repeat mutenagized coding region of the Huntingtin geneHuntington’s disease is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder. It is passed on to children from one or both parents (though two parents with Huntington’s is extraordinarily rare) in an autosomal dominant manner. This is different from autosomal recessive disorder, which requires two altered genes (one from each parent) to inherit the disorder. So if one parent has it, and passes the gene on to a child, that child will develop Huntington’s disease if they live long enough and each of that child’s’ children will have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene, and so on and so forth. If you do not have the HD gene you can’t pass it on to your children and if your mate doesn’t have it then there is no way your child will develop the disease (spontaneous cases of HD are less than 0.1%). There are no â€Å"carriers† for Huntington’s. HD is present in all areas of the world but is dominant in western Europeans and their descendants. In the United States every 1 in 10,000 people have developed HD, that’s 300,000 people with another 150,000 at risk (all of those with children have a 50% chance of passing it on). The HD gene is present at birth, but doesn’t usually develop until a persons thirties or forties. Though this is the most common time for symptoms to develop, there have been cases were symptoms developed as young as 2 and as old as 80. Symptoms begin gradually and increase over time. Huntington’s disease affects three main areas of function: motor (physical), mood (emotional), and cognition (psychological). Motor function disturbances can fall into too much movement and too little movement. Chorea, involuntary dance-like movements, can affect any part of the body. It looks like restlessness, wriggling, movement of the fingers or toes in early stages of development. These movements become larger and more sporadic over time and can involve the face, arms, legs, and trunk. It tends to lessen in the later stages. When the disease occurs in childhood (less than 10% of cases) Chorea is more severe and may coincide with rigidity or muscle stiffness and movement restriction. B oth chorea and rigidity interfere with coordination and mobility. Changes in mood are not readily noticeable as they are slow to manifest and can be interpreted as something else (i.e. HD causes depression but so does our society so this symptom often gets overlooked) Anxiety, irritability, rage, mania, and psychosis are also common symptoms. Cognition (the mental process characterized by thinking, learning, and judging) is affected early in the disease and gets worse over time. Individuals will have problems with math, memory, judgment and verbal fluency. It is very difficult for someone with HD to learn a new task, especially in the later stages of development. There currently is neither a cure nor FDA approved medical treatment for Huntington’s disease. The life expectancy is 15 – 20 years after development begins, and though Huntington’s itself doesn’t directly kill the individual, it causes so many functional breakdowns in the body that the person can no longer perform basic physical operations such as swallowing and as such a common cause of death is choking or respitory infection. Huntington disease is caused by the expansion of a polymorphic trinucleotide repeat (CAG)n located in the coding region of the Huntingtin gene. The range of these repeats in normal individuals is 9 to 37, but in HD patients it ranges from 37 to 86 and cases up 150. The human HD gene was cloned to 4p16.3 on chromosome 4 in 1993 by the HD Collaborative Research Group. The gene named IT15( important transcript 15) includes 180-200kb and consists of 67 exons. The HD mutation occurs in the first exon of this gene, which codes for a large 348kd protein named huntingtin (htt). The mutant HD gene directs the synthesis of RNA with an expanded CAG segment and consequently a protein with a lengthened stretch of consecutive glutamine residues. The HD mRNA consists of two alternatively polyadenylated species of 13.5 and 10.5 kb with the CAG repeat located near the 5end 17 codons down from the initiator AUG. The huntingtin protein has no similarity with any other reported sequences except in the low-sequence complexity polyglutamine-polyproline region (encoded by the CAG and an adjacent degenerate CCG repeat) near the NH2-terminus and a motif implicated in cellular protein transport HEAT'(a protein motif found in Huntington ,elongation factor 3 (EP3) regulatory A subunit of protein phosphatase 2A,and TORI) found in a variety of unrelated proteins. HEAT repeats are found in several cytoplasmic regulatory proteins with known roles in transport processes. The first 17 amino acids of huntingtin and the rest of the protein downstream of the polyglutamine-polyproline segment is highly conserved in evolution, the polyglutamine-polyproline segment is not, and it may be required for Huntington’s unknown function. The CAG repeat expansion is the sole mutation responsible for all inherited and sporadic cases of HD. The number of CAG repeats influences the age of onset and disease progression. Identity crisis (joy luck club EssaySo, what does all that mean (I researched this for a week and most of what I wrote still confuses me). But basically it’s this. We have a gene, Huntingtin, of whose function we don’t yet know. But we do know were it is and what it normally looks like. When it is mutagenized to extended it’s triple repeat chain of CAG it causes a change in the shape of the protein which binds to an essential enzyme for DNA function, which changes certain processes in the cell, which leads to cell apoptosis (pre-programmed, self-induced death of the cell). This happens in the brain and affects the nervous system leading to degradation of physical and mental functions and indirectly leads to death. It must be noted that over the past 10 years causes and possible cures or treatments have changed many times and this report only summarizes recent findings and understandings or theories from 1994-2001. Other interesting aspects of this topic include the first cases of genetic discrimination. Currently in the UK there is legislation allowing insurance companies to test applicants for the HD gene and if results are positive the can deny insurance to that person, or allow insurance if backed by a mortgage and $100,000 life insurance premium. While no such legislation yet exists in the U.S. we face a dilemma of our own:Huntington’s disease genomic research represents a classical ethical dilemma created by the human genome project, i.e., that of the widened gap between what we know how to diagnose and what we know how to cure. This has been referred to as a Tiresias complex. The blind seer Tiresias confronted Oedipus with the dilemma : ‘It is but sorrow to be wise when wisdom profits not’ (from Oedipus the King by Sophocles). N.S. Wexler re-stated the question as follows: â€Å"Do you want to know how and when you are going to die if you have no power to change the outcome? Should such knowledge be made freely available?†. Maybe, maybe not. But the pursuit of how and why diseases such as Huntington’s or cystic fibrosis or down syndrome or the many other genetic disorders happen will eventually lead in the knowledge of how to prevent them all together. Just give it time. Bates,G.Eberwine, J. (2001)Hunting in the Calm Before the Storm. Nature Genetics: volume 25 no.4. The Huntingtons Disease Collaborative Research Group. (1993) A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntingtons disease chromosomes. Cell 72:971-983. Housman, D. (1995) Gain of glutamines, gain of function? Nature Genetics 10:3-4. Ashley, C.T. and Warren, S.T. Trincleotide repeat expansion and human disease. (1995) Annual Reviews of Genetics 29:703-728. Bates, G. Expanded glutamines and neurodegeneration a gain of insight. (1996) Kansas university Medical Center: Huntington Disease Clinic web page. Nasir, J. Goldberg, Y.P. and Hayden, M.R. (1996) Huntington disease: new insights into the relationship between CAG expansion and disease. Human Mitas, M. Trinucleotide repeats associated with human disease. (1997) Nucleic Gusella, J.F., Persichetti, F. and MacDonald, M.E. (1997) The genetic defect causing Huntingtons Disease: repeated in other contexts? Molecular Medicine Wellington, C.L. and Hayden, M.R. (1997) Of molecular interactions, mice and mechanisms: new insights into Huntingtons disease. Current Opinion in Neurology Chastain, P.D. and Sinden, R.R. (1998) CTG repeats associated with human genetic disease are inherently flexible. Journal of Molecular Biology 275:405-411. A brief overview of current findings and theories of the Biochemical and Molecular Biological characteristics of polyQ triple repeat mutagenized coding region of the Huntingtin geneBibliography:Attatched to paper

Style as Character Insight The Use of Irony and Free Indirect Discourse in Jane Austens Major Works

Introduction No work of art achieves permanence unless its creator imbues it with a unique individual style that solidifies its value across cultures and across time. Truly, art would not exist without style. According to Susan Sontag, the earliest experiences of humankind reflected art as â€Å"incantatory, magical. Art was an agent of ritual† (65).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Style as Character Insight: The Use of Irony and Free Indirect Discourse in Jane Austen’s Major Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This view was followed by the preliminary theory of art as an imitation of reality understood by the ancient Greeks (Greenberg 2; Sontag 65). In any work of art multiple disclosures of truth take place. These contextual revelations can be endless; revelations of the society, not to mention the revelations of the artist himself. It could therefore be argued that the objects seen and fe lt by the artist constitute the mirrored image of her distinctive society. On the other hand, Alexander Pope argued that socialization itself murders authorial style (Miller 76). In Pope’s opinion, everyone is born with some taste that gets lost through education. Pope argued that nature played a crucial role in the judgment of style (Miller 76). From Pope’s assertion, the reader may deduce that in every art, there is a peculiar goodness that is peculiar to the artist. It is therefore irrelevant to argue the subjective value of one piece of art over another (Galperin 50). Great art reflects its truth vis à   vis â€Å"the relationship between aesthetic experience as met by the specific – not the generalized – individual, and the social and historical contexts in which that experience takes place† (Greenberg 1). Jane Austen’s novels clearly reflect these dual realities. Her work remains a stylized time capsule that reveals the complexities o f the social world that existed in the United Kingdom during the Regency period. The continued popularity of the author’s works speaks to the individuality and appeal of her writing style to generations of readers and scholars since that era. Jane Austen’s stylistic choices typically present male characters as one of two types: shrewdly reluctant romantics, or fools easily duped by Jane Austen’s wily female protagonists that have become so beloved over the years, including Emma Woodhouse, the heroine of Emma. The inner workings of Jane Austen’s characters typically provide somewhat awkward and unnerving insights into polite society (Harding 167).Advertising Looking for term paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many literary scholars view Jane Austen’s works as â€Å"country house novels† (Le Faye 11). Some have labeled them as â€Å"comedies of conduct† according to Le Faye, comedies of manners that embrace the affairs and social conspiracies of upper class people living in a stylish and civilized culture (11). These comedies of conduct typically present a violation of social traditions and etiquette; while Jane Austen’s keen social observations remain veiled by the sparkle and wit of her dialogue (Le Faye 45). As a rule, Jane Austen’s fiction has come to represent â€Å"one of the most sophisticated analyses we have of the elusive character or quality of sociable human interaction† (Russell 176). However, a number of literary scholars regard Jane Austen as a darker, more socially engaged writer. Her novels involve the author advancing 19th century social theory via the use of a style that reveals the theory of mind within each character (Ferguson 118). Many of Jane Austen’s works feature characters that adopt one self publicly and another privately; thus, the conflict between these selves becomes the meat of the novel (Ferguson 118). This paper endeavors to critically analyze the stylistic devices Jane Austen employs in her work to recreate the social psychology of the 19th century British upper classes for the reader. The paper favors the devices of irony and free indirect discourse as the main stylistic choices Jane Austen applies to give the reader insight and access to the interior, psychological landscape of her characters. Background Jane Austen was born in Hampshire, England in 1775, the seventh child of eight children. Jane Austen’s early introduction to classical works arrived through the influence of her father, George Austen, a member of the English landed gentry who also worked as a preacher and educator (Galperin 49; Le Faye 10). Though the family was not wealthy, they were land owners, and as such Jane Austen’s childhood was a happy one with full access to intellectual stimulation and learning (Le Faye 10). After the death of George Austen in 1805, Ja ne, together with her mother and sister Cassandra moved to Chawton village, where she received a marriage proposal from a wealthy brother of her close friend (Tinkcom 134).Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on Style as Character Insight: The Use of Irony and Free Indirect Discourse in Jane Austen’s Major Works specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jane Austen initially accepted this proposal but turned it down the following day; scholars argue the rejection of the proposal occurred because Jane Austen fully understood the role of marriage in the mobility of a woman in those days, together with all the vulnerabilities of single women who relied on wealthy relatives for accommodation (Tinkcom 57). Marriage at that time remained the sole form of social leverage available to women of the upper classes (Galperin 50; Le Faye 11). This event appears to be a seminal one in the life of the author, as the social theme o f marriage plays out very much in several of Jane Austen’s novels, including Emma, and Sense and Sensibility, as does the theme of social class positioning, a phenomenon of great interest to the author. Jane Austen’s works can be identified with the eighteenth century novel traditions. According to Duckworth, Austen read broadly in many genres including works which were regarded as mediocre; however, the major feature of her reading activities was noting native genres traversed by women writers at the time (48). The publishing environment for women during the 19th century was perilous (Ferguson 2). The social environment dictated that propriety be maintained above all else, and at the time literature was deemed too vulgar for women to engage in (Ferguson 2; Lascelles 88). In this sense therefore, Jane Austen remains one of literature’s first female mavericks. Irony When critically examined, the works of Jane Austen show the effect of the literary state of affair s of the 18th century period. The works at this time embraced the notion of and social environment and man’s perspective relative to individual circumstances. In essence, an individual’s needs were sublimated to the needs appropriate to his or her social role. Satire and humor are characteristics embraced in literature during this period; however, the use of irony became the ultimate tool for authors to critique their society discreetly. In Jane Austen’s novels, the romantic and passionate nature of her characters is evident, though implied (Ferguson 76). Jane Austen’s works demonstrate the role of passion and its place in society. Though these novels appeared in the middle of the Romantic period, they also involve an intellectual and cerebral quality that minimizes the absolute praise of the youthful passions expressed in other works written during this period. To this end, Jane Austen combines passion and reason through the use of irony.Advertising Looking for term paper on literature languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jane Austen has embraced the use of irony in many of her most famous pieces. Though scholars typically identify Jane Austen as a romantic author, her style largely renders a biting and acidic account of romance. The author applies contrast to the plain meaning of a character’s account of a situation or event, in order to create a witty twist and reduce the magnitude of the original statement and highlight its ironic disjunction. In her juvenile literary works, Jane Austen depended on satire, irony and parody fixed on absurdity to color the romantic view. In her mature literary works, she employed irony to forestall social pretense and to highlight discrepancies between familial duties and character, as well as character foibles. A classic example of this occurs in Mansfield Park. The author writes: To the education of her daughters Lady Bertram paid not the smallest attention. She had not time for such cares. She was a woman who spent her days in sitting nicely dressed on a s ofa, doing some long piece of needlework, of little use and no beauty, thinking more of her pug than her children, but very indulgent to the latter, when it did not put herself to inconvenience (Austen 16). Jane Austen’s use of irony is â€Å"exemplified in romanticism’s earliest forms and carried into the nineteenth century, where absence, division, and fragmentation are completed by their readers’ own mistaken ideas† (Greenham 163). In the above example, the reader’s reaction to the neglect demonstrated by Lady Bertram toward her offspring fuels the irony of the story. As such, Jane Austen’s style employs irony to criticize not only the marriage institution but the parental ideal of care and concern for the welfare of children, placed in the hands of indolent, spoilt, utterly self-absorbed individuals. As Greenham notes, romantic authors in the vein of Jane Austen’s style â€Å"use our expectations to deceive us because their texts are completed only by the expectations of the reader, a use of expectation that reveals, through negation, the reader’s false ideas and ideals† (163). Jane Austen’s genteel use of language and style barely conceals her contempt for the social conventions that would allow such individuals to prosper. Similarly, in Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen draws the reader’s attention to irony in the opening line. The author writes â€Å"it is a realism that is widely recognized, that a single man in charge of a good fortune should be in need of a wife† (6). At first glance this statement appears simple and predictable; however, the plot of the statement contradicts it. As it says, it is a woman without a fortune who is in need of a husband. Also, in Pride and Prejudice, the major structural motif creates irony in the story which stimulates a reader’s judgment and attention, besides engaging a reader’s feelings. Jane Austen’s paradoxical and ironic character sketches also underscore the reciprocal impact of personality and society in Emma. Like many of Jane Austen’s novels, Emma presents an explanation of how one learns to see oneself, others, and personalized relationships more clearly as events unfold. But to prevent this occurrence Jane Austen has employed an unparalleled blend of styles to present her thesis. Emma comes out as Jane Austen’s masterwork as she manages to capitalize on irony and the use of free indirect discourse effectively. Greenham notes that the character of Emma Woodhouse is â€Å"femininity ironized† (165). The romantic novels of Jane Austen typically contain these strong heroines, deeply restricted by the class and gender roles of their time, whose actions and inner thoughts do not align – herein lies Greenham’s point. Jane Austen’s style use irony to bedevil social veneer. The reader understands this in the opening line of the novel: â€Å"Emma Woo dhouse, handsome, clever, and rich, with a comfortable home and happy disposition, seemed to unite some of the best blessings of existence; and had lived nearly twenty-one years in the world with very little to distress or vex her† (Austen 1). Jane Austen uses the word â€Å"seemed† to pique the reader’s suspicion (Austen 1). As Greenham explains, this word is â€Å"always a sign of ambiguity† (165). Once the word â€Å"seemed† registers in the mind of the reader, everything that Jane Austen describes about the heroine becomes open to interpretation. As Greenham notes, the word leads the reader to assume â€Å"some kind of deflationary irony, which might in turn lead the reader to conclude that Emma is none of these things to the extent that she appears. The tension, then, would be between appearance and reality† (165). The social psychology of the characters in the world of Jane Austen’s novels remains ultimately ambiguous and uncerta in; nothing can be assumed to be true, often since the actions and the words of the characters create an ironic distance. Further use of irony becomes apparent when the reader witnesses Emma’s thoughts at the first meeting with Harriet Smith. She immediately sees in Harriet some kind of project that she might embark on, the belief that she could make an upper class woman out of Harriet’s kind request could be a reflection of Emma’s impolite disposition towards others. It could also be construed as a confession that she is meddlesome and self-centered, as Emma’s actions indicate that she is the only person entitled to effect such improvement on another human being. However, the ironic truth becomes apparent later, through Jane Austen’s skilful use of irony, when the reader concludes that it is actually Emma who desperately needs improvement. Emma is presented as one person with a contrary judgment; however, since the character only keeps such convic tions between herself and the reader, she enhances the various ironic twists that Jane Austen has employed in the novel. Brownstein argues that the use of irony in Jane Austen’s novels speak to the actual physical and psychological experience of women at that time in history. Language itself was a chess match, and the social conventions so complex and rigorous that one wrong word could topple the most socially graced female. As Brownstein notes, among the female protagonists such as Emma Woodhouse, â€Å"choosing language, commenting on the stereotypes and formulas of novelists, and the language available for use in social life, is always Austen’s subject† (Brownstein 59). An example of this occurs following Mr. Knightley’s proposal of marriage in Emma. The response that Emma Woodhouse gives is the model of propriety, and illustrates the author’s use of irony to highlight the restrictive and psychologically complex social environment of upper class women of marriageable age: â€Å"What did she say? Just what she ought, of course. A lady always does. She said enough to show there need not be despair – and to invite him to say more himself† (Austen 386). In Brownstein’s analysis, Jane Austen used irony not only to write as a lady but to illustrate life as a lady. As Brownstein explains, â€Å"Writing as A Lady, Austen savors the discrepancy between being a stable sign in her culture as well as a user and analyst of its signs† (Brownstein 59) Austen and Knowledge of Intention Authorial intention comes out as an issue of great interest in Jane Austen’s work. Though this may be a difficult thing to find in the absence of the author, literary analysis involves the interpretive spectrum around the determination of authorial intention. In this line of thought, many critics have viewed a literary work of thought which fades the author from the message that is being communicated; as such, many critics have not managed to find subtle ways of determining authorial intent. The simplicity that Jane Austen exhibits in her work provides a clear template for authorial intention. There is usually a paradigm between what we learn from the novel and what we know about the real author’s world. While reading Austen’s work, one construes several images of the author (Le Faye 135). But, different people, depending on their inclinations and other factors, form their own images that fit those inclinations, hampered by the distance of time and the complete transformation that has occurred in the social relationships between heterosexual men and women since Jane Austen’s time. Looking at Jane Austen’s works, several images of the author appear, and several different perspectives arise among private readers as to who Jane Austen really was, and what she really stood for as an artist and as a social critic. Jane Austen has staged parodist sensations that imbue her later novels with a gothic quality – an example is her novel Northanger Abbey. Issues within the novel border on gender and power. For example, Catherine experiences several challenges in her life through the novel such that by the time she arrives at Abbey, she has really faced an array of issues. From this Austen manages to present a sustained fear and anxiety throughout her work (Wilde 156). In Northanger Abbey, there seems to be a greater connection between surprise and emotion. Jane Austen has also employed dialogue as a means of endearing the reader to the outward reality. She has effectively used this at the proposal scene in the novel Emma. For instance, some of the lengthy dialogues usually act as preludes to something about to happen (Wiltshire 132). A case in point is the quarrel that ensues after Harriet refuses Robert Martin (Austen 113). Emma’s behind the scenes manipulation shines herein; to hide her machinations, she maintains a calm disposition. This demonst rates Jane Austen’s multidimensional approach towards style. Jane Austen has also presented Emma Woodhouse in such a way that her appearance does not coincide with the revelation. Such an ironic nature of presentation is a distinctive mechanism through which Jane Austen exhibits her authorial intention and unique style. Free Indirect Speech Jane Austen has meticulously utilized the practice of free indirect discourse. Free indirect speech was a literary device created by Henry Fielding in the 18th century and used liberally by many novelists at that time. Todd indicates that the free indirect speech allows the speech and the thoughts of the characters to socialize with the voice of the narrator (33). As a device, the use of free indirect discourse facilitates access to the interior psychology of the character without interrupting the social convention in place in the world of the novel. This device allows authors to write about things that would never be spoken about – in essence – to delve into the private mind of the character. In a Jane Austen novel, much of the action remains implied, an element of authorial style that mimics the social confines of its characters – essentially – no one says what they really mean, because to do so would be social suicide. Without free indirect discourse, much of the actions of the characters within Jane Austen’s novels would be indecipherable for the reader. As Neumann explains, â€Å"so much of an Jane Austen novel is apparently shown or dramatized rather than told or narrated, [thus] it becomes of particular interest not just to trace how Jane Austen reports the speech and thought of her characters but also to consider when and how judgments on the characters’ consciousnesses are implied as well as stated† (364). The stylistic device of free indirect discourse illustrates one example of how Jane Austen authenticates the consciousnesses of her characters. This device renders the interior workings of the characters’ minds visible to only the reader and themselves. As Neumann explains, free indirect discourse in a Jane Austen novel employs â€Å"sentences which combine a character’s reported voice with the narrator’s reporting voice, sentences in which the narrator can both render, and comment on, the utterance reported† (364). The net effect of this device brings the quality of mind to life for the reader; as such, the action becomes interior and subtle, implied and muted. In one of her works, Sense and Sensibility, Jane Austen extensively uses this approach. For example, Mrs. John Dashwood â€Å"did not endorse intends of her husband†¦ to take three thousand pounds from the plight of their precious little boy†¦ she begged him to think again on the subject†¦.. how would he have answered to him to deny his child†¦..† (20). The extract draws a straightforward story in the â€Å"voice† of the narrator. In this example, Jane Austen proves the inner feelings of the character and fixes the imagination the reader is entering the characters mind. In the novel Emma, Jane Austen applies the stylistic device of free indirect discourse masterfully to develop the relationship between Emma and Mr. Knightley. As Bray notes, the use of free indirect discourse ensures that â€Å"everything is presented through Emma’s dramatized consciousness, and the essential effects depend on that† (10). In Emma, one of the clearest and most effective examples of free indirect discourse occurs when Emma and Harriet Smith discuss Mr. Knightley. Emma asks: Have you any idea of Mr. Knightley’s returning your affection? Yes, replied Harriet modestly, but not fearfully – I must say that I have. Emma’s eyes were instantly withdrawn; and she sat silently meditating, in a fixed attitude, for a few minutes. A few minutes were sufficient for making her acquainted with h er own heart. A mind like her’s, once opening to suspicion, made rapid progress. She touched – she admitted – she acknowledged the whole truth. Why was it so much worse that Harriet should be in love with Mr. Knightley, than with Frank Churchill? Why was the evil so dreadfully increased by Harriet’s having some hope of a return? It darted through her, with the speed of an arrow, that Mr. Knightley must marry no one but herself! (Austen 335) In this passage, Jane Austen uses the free indirect discourse to plumb the depths of her main character’s denial. In this one passage, the author peels away multiple layers of truth slowly and steadily, to reveal the romantic yearnings that Emma holds very close to her core, the element of her affection that she has revealed to no one thus far, not even herself. In this regard, the power of this stylistic device is threefold – it reveals character intention, explains character action, and functions as a b ond between reader and character. The stylistic use of free indirect discourse places the reader in the role of confidante. As Bray explains, in this example, â€Å"here Harriet’s supposedly reciprocated feelings for Knightley force Emma to acknowledge the truth of her own heart. A few minutes of reflection are enough for revelation to be reached. Notice that the trajectory by which Emma arrives at the truth, from touching, to admitting, to acknowledging, is first described indirectly, from the vantage-point of an external narrator, and then presented more directly, as the narrative enters into her mind† (18). Herein lies the value of free indirect discourse as a means of drawing out the interior social psychology not only of the character, but of the larger social world that Jane Austen’s characters inhabit, in all its rigidity and artifice. Bray notes that it is â€Å"Emma who asks herself, Why was it so much worse that Harriet should be in love with Mr. Knig htley, than with Frank Churchill? and Why was the evil so dreadfully increased by Harriet’s having some hope of a return?† (18). Through free indirect discourse, the reader learns the truth at the same time as the character. The device allows the character’s consciousness to become a character independent to the social character witnessed in the novel, which in turn reflects the schism that occurs in the selves of the characters between their social personas and their actual selves. As Bray notes, Emma’s â€Å"consciousness could be said to be dramatized here if by this is understood the narrative’s attempt to re-enact, rather than describe externally, the character’s actual thought-processes. From Why was it so much worse onwards the reader is granted intimate access to Emma’s thoughts and anxieties, leading up to her final moment of anagnorisis† (18). In regard then, the style device of free indirect discourse functions as a m eans of granting access to the deep action of the story, as motivated by the deep and largely unconscious desires of the characters. This phenomenon explains why several scholars view Jane Austen as one of the foremost romantic novelists writing from a social psychology perspective. Beauty A number of the characters in Jane Austen’s novels remain susceptible to feminine beauty, and the author’s stylistic choices to use this weakness for beautiful women as a distraction, particularly among the male characters in her novels, often begets surprisingly comedic results. In her essay An Argument about Beauty, Susan Sontag notes that â€Å"beauty, it seems, is immutable, at least when incarnated – fixed – in the form of art, because it is in art that beauty as an idea, an eternal idea, is best embodied. Beauty†¦is deep, not superficial; hidden, sometimes, rather than obvious; consoling, not troubling; indestructible, as in art, rather than ephemeral, as in nature. Beauty, the stipulatively uplifting kind, perdures† (Sontag 208). A perfect example of this power occurs in the novel Emma. Through the character of Mr. Knightley, Jane Austen give voice to all of the less than stellar qualities of her heroine – her peevishness, her inability to cease meddling in other people’s romantic affairs, her liberal enjoyment of manipulation of family and friends, and her lazy and indolent nature – not to mention the fact that her family, especially her father, spoiled her. â€Å"I, [Mr. Knightley] soon added, who have had no such charm thrown over my senses, must still see, hear, and remember. Emma is spoiled by being the cleverest of her family. At ten years old, she had the misfortune of being able to answer questions which puzzled her sister at seventeen†¦And ever since she was twelve, Emma has been mistress of the house and of you all. In her mother she lost the only person able to cope with her† (Austen 4 8). Yet, Mr. Knightley remains struck by Emma’s pulchritude, a weakness that Mrs. Weston appears perfectly willing to exploit, as evidenced in the following example: Oh! You would rather talk of her person than her mind, would you? Very well; I shall not attempt to deny Emma’s being pretty. Pretty! Say beautiful rather. Can you imagine anything nearer perfect beauty than Emma altogether – face and figure? I do not know what I could imagine, but I confess that I have seldom seen a face or figure more pleasing to me than hers (Austen 49) The beauty of the heroines in Jane Austen’s works functions as a distraction, the problematic element of sexual desire thrown into the mix. Physical beauty at that time in history remained one of a woman’s most potent tools of power, and Jane Austen’s protagonists typically wield it as a means to avoid any deep form of dialogue or authentic emotional intimacy. Conclusion A master of style, Jane Austen’s work reveals the complex social machinations at the heart of the romantic dealings between men and women in the United Kingdom during the 18th century Regency Period. The author’s effective use of the stylistic devices of irony and free indirect discourse draw the reader into the deep stratum of each character’s psychology to reveal the personal motivations behind the action of the novels. Jane Austen developed a style that could essentially tell the story that could not be told in the rigid social environment that her characters dwelled in. As such, Jane Austen’s style reveals the individual’s desires in conflict and opposition to the social conventions that restricted their use of language, particularly in the realm of romance. Works Cited Austen, Jane. Emma. Ed. Alistair M. Duckworth. New York: Bedford St. Martin’s Press, 2002. Austen, Jane. Mansfield Park. New York: W.W. Norton, 1998. Print. Bray, Joe. â€Å"The Source of Dramatized Conscious ness: Richardson, Austen, and Stylistic Influence.† Style 35.1 (2001): 18-36. Web. Brownstein, Rachel M. â€Å"Jane Austen: Irony and Authority.† Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Russel Whitaker. Vol. 150. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Print. Duckworth, Alistair M. The Improvement of the Estate: A Study of Jane Austen’s Novels. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1971. Print. Ferguson, Moira. â€Å"Mansfield Park: Slavery, Colonialism, and Gender.† Oxford Literary Review 13.1 (1991): 118–39. Print. Galperin, William. The Historical Austen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003. Print. Greenberg, Clement. Art and Culture: Critical Essays. Boston: Beacon Press, 1966. Print. Greenham, David. â€Å"The Concept of Irony: Jane Austen’s Emma and Philip Roth’s Sabbath’s Theater.† Philip Roth Studies 1.2 (2005): 163-175. Web. Harding, D. W. â€Å"Regulated Hatred: An Aspect of the Work of Jane Austen†. Jane Austen: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Ian Watt. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1963. Print. Lascelles, Mary. Jane Austen and Her Art. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1966. Print. Le Faye, Deirdre. â€Å"Chronology of Jane Austen’s Life†. The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Eds. Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Miller, D. A. Jane Austen, or The Secret of Style. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2003. Print. Neumann, Anne Waldron. â€Å"Characterization and Comment in Pride and Prejudice: Free Indirect Discourse and Double-voiced Verbs of Speaking, Thinking, and Feeling.† Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism. Ed. Russel Whitaker. Vol. 150. Detroit: Gale, 2005. Print. Russell, Gillian. â€Å"Sociability.† The Cambridge Companion to Jane Austen. Eds. Edward Copeland and Juliet McMaster. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997. Print. Sontag, Susan. â€Å"An A rgument about Beauty.† Daedalus 134.4 (2005): 208-. Web. Sontag, Susan. Against Interpretation. New York: Dell Publishing Press, 1966. 15-36. Print. Tinkcom, Matthew. Working like a Homosexual. North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2002. Print. Todd, Janet. The Cambridge Introduction to Jane Austen. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006. Print. Wilde, Oscar. The Decay of Lying. London: Book Club Associates, 1976. Print. This term paper on Style as Character Insight: The Use of Irony and Free Indirect Discourse in Jane Austen’s Major Works was written and submitted by user Tristen C. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Decision Making Process

Decision Making Process Decision making has a key role in determining the success of an organization, given that resources and other important parts of a company are influenced by decisions made. The speed with which decisions can be made is of essence as it directly determines the rate of duty execution thus; it is paramount for decisions to be timely. This has elicited debate as to which strategy of decision making between decentralized or centralized is better for organizations to adopt.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Making Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The management of AES for example, is inclined to the decentralized strategy of decision making. Though the organization stresses on four core values that must be followed by everybody, each department has the freedom of choosing which method to use in executing their duties bearing in mind the core values (O’Reilly Pferffer 2000). Human resource department i s not part of the organization’s strategy of decision making instead, employees are supposed to come up with ways of tackling issues in their line of duty. It is the responsibility of the employees to organize for training sessions whenever they are faced with difficult situations or issues that they are not conversant with. Through this, the employees of AES have learned to be responsible for their actions and they feel they are part of the people who will make the organization succeed and therefore, their level of productivity has increased. The strategy helps the organization in adapting fast to the dynamic business world and expedites the decision making process, as well as enhancing common set of values that are followed by each employee (O’Reilly Pfeffer 2000). Centralized decision making strategy does not provide for flexibility incase there are unforeseen changes in the business environment therefore, giving the opponents a competitive advantage in such instan ces. The easiness and speed of decision making that is associated with decentralized decision making strategy allows quick reaction to the dynamics of the business world, and that is what has helped AES to prosper. When people work as a team, the average output of the organization is improved since team members are ready to help each other hence eliminating inefficiency. Decentralized strategy of decision making highly advocates for employees to work as a team hence increasing productivity (Ariunaa 2010). Different individuals have knowledge in different issues therefore, incorporating them in the decision making process ensures that high value decisions are made. On the same note, decentralized decision making strategy allows employees of various departments to use the experience they might have regarding their department or apply the knowledge they have to run and upgrade these sections. This ensures that the latest knowledge is used to run any given department thus, uphosslding e fficiency in production.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In conjunction with that, employees are able to change the way they carry out some duties without necessarily waiting for approval from the top management, which sometimes takes long thus, increasing their efficiency. It should be noted that it is easier for a person to discover his or her area of weakness and change it rather than waiting for the authorities to correct the same (Griffin 2010). Additionally, decentralized strategy makes use of division and specialization of labor which ensures that each employee performs to his or her best thus, taking advantage of wide expertise of the employees. Furthermore, sluggishness of business operations is avoided in decentralized strategy as opposed to centralized strategy where decision making process may take a long duration because the top management has to meet and make decisions. As far as decentralized strategy is concerned, a problem once discovered can easily be managed and normal operations resume without delay because the people who are supposed to make decisions are easily accessed (Griffin 2010). If a mistake occurs in decision making process, the whole system is not broken down if the organization uses decentralized strategy since only one department gets affected, while in centralized strategy the whole process can easily be brought to a halt by a single mistake. On the other hand, decentralized strategy has its setbacks that can sometimes hinder operations if not taken care of. To begin with, given the diverse views that people may have, it sometimes becomes difficult to make these people agree on one idea regarding certain issues and this may annoy those whose ideas do not carry the day therefore reducing their morale at work (Ariunaa 2010). On the same note, it is very easy for the organization to lose focus on the core values if employees are given too much freedom to do what they think is right, because the tendency of getting out of line is high. Therefore, it is advantageous if an organization decentralizes some of the decision making process but centralizes the implementation of the core values and the promotion of organizational culture and mission.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Decision Making Process specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Each department needs some level of freedom to solve its own problems as the people there have the first hand information of what affects them. On top of that, employees feel valued if they are involved in the decision making process and they will increase their efficiency which in turn increases the general output of the company (Griffin 2010). References Ariunaa, L. (2010). Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization in Mongolia. Potsdam: Universittsverlag Potsdam. Griffin, W. R. (2010). Management. St anford: Cengage Learning. O’Reilly, A. C., Pfeffer, J. (2000). Hidden Value. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.

Operation Management Exam Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Operation Management Exam Questions - Essay Example In production and operations management, three types of capacity are often referred to: Potential Capacity - The capacity that can be made available to influence the planning of senior management (e.g. in helping them to make decisions about overall business growth, investment etc). This is essentially a long-term decision that does not influence day-to-day production management Capacity, being the ability to produce work in a given time, must be measured in the unit of work. Brooks (1995) writes about a "man hour", the amount of work performed by an average worker in one hour. As Brooks (1995) notes, there is a problem with this capacity that organization, training and co-ordination activities could more than outweigh the potential benefits of having extra staff working on a task. In Capacity Management there are usually two potential constraints - time and capacity. Time may be a constraint where a customer has a particular required delivery date. In this situation, capacity managers often plan backwards, i.e. they allocate the final stage of the production tasks to the period where delivery is required; the penultimate task one period earlier and so on. This process helps identify whether there is sufficient time to meet the production demands and whether capacity needs to be increased, even if temporarily. One of the objectives of capacity management is to deliver best practices that establish a communications framework between IT operations and the business. This is essential for ensuring that the capacity management process works toward meeting the business capacity requirements. The typical problem is that IT operations often work with measures of computer performance, megabytes of storage, or other expressions of capacity or throughput. At the same time, the business is using expressions such as sales effectiveness, market share, time to market, profit, cash flow, and return on investment (ROI). (Microsoft 2006) PART B Discuss the capacity management strategies available to a manufacturing company who produce a range of domestic air conditioning units and experience peaks and troughs in demand in line with summer and winterer seasons. The most durable solutions to manage capacities in manufacturing of domestic air conditioning units come under the category of adjusting capacity correcting measures depending on the season. Of course, implementation and use of these strategies may actually require changing existing management approaches, and this is not necessarily simple to do. Alternative, temporary measure can be implemented, but then consideration must be given to both the near and longer term incentives and impacts that these measures create. Ultimately, the actual adoption of Capacity Management is a political decision and, as such, may not necessarily relate directly to the most technically efficient